Table 4. Indicator species analysis comparing the noma lesion site samples (“Noma” in “Indicator of” column) with the other four health status groups (control, noma healthy site, ANG healthy site, and ANG lesion site; “Other” in “Indicator of” column).
| OTU ID | Indicator of | Indicator value | P value | Taxon (Phylum; Class; Order; Family; Genus; Species) |
| 405 | Noma | 0.9626 | 0.001 | Firmicutes; Erysipelotrichi; Erysipelotrichales; Coprobacillaceae; Sharpea |
| 921 | Other | 0.7947 | 0.001 | Bacteroidetes; Flavobacteriia; Flavobacteriales; Flavobacteriaceae; Capnocytophaga; ochracea |
| 288 | Other | 0.7558 | 0.019 | Firmicutes; Clostridia; Clostridiales; Veillonellaceae; Veillonella; dispar |
| 705 | Noma | 0.7479 | 0.001 | Firmicutes; Clostridia; Clostridiales; Peptostreptococcaceae; Peptostreptococcus |
| 477 | Other | 0.7108 | 0.002 | Bacteroidetes; Flavobacteriia; Flavobacteriales; Flavobacteriaceae; Capnocytophaga |
| 85 | Noma | 0.7066 | 0.009 | Firmicutes; Clostridia; Clostridiales; Veillonellaceae |
| 1064 | Noma | 0.6984 | 0.003 | Firmicutes; Clostridia; Clostridiales; Veillonellaceae; Dialister; invisus |
| 1305 | Other | 0.69 | 0.006 | Bacteroidetes; Flavobacteriia; Flavobacteriales; Flavobacteriaceae; Capnocytophaga |
| 675 | Other | 0.6836 | 0.016 | Bacteroidetes; Bacteroidia; Bacteroidales; Prevotellaceae; Prevotella |
| 285 | Other | 0.6815 | 0.003 | Bacteroidetes; Flavobacteriia; Flavobacteriales; Flavobacteriaceae; Capnocytophaga; ochracea |
| 1060 | Noma | 0.679 | 0.003 | Bacteroidetes; Bacteroidia; Bacteroidales; Prevotellaceae; Prevotella; melaninogenica |
| 1278 | Other | 0.6758 | 0.012 | Proteobacteria; Betaproteobacteria; Burkholderiales; Burkholderiaceae; Lautropia |
| 460 | Other | 0.6615 | 0.023 | Proteobacteria; Gammaproteobacteria; Pasteurellales; Pasteurellaceae; Aggregatibacter |
| 1044 | Noma | 0.6531 | 0.002 | Bacteroidetes; Bacteroidia; Bacteroidales; Prevotellaceae; Prevotella |
| 667 | Noma | 0.6506 | 0.003 | Bacteroidetes; Bacteroidia; Bacteroidales |
| 632 | Other | 0.6393 | 0.027 | Bacteroidetes; Bacteroidia; Bacteroidales |
| 786 | Other | 0.634 | 0.008 | Proteobacteria; Betaproteobacteria; Neisseriales; Neisseriaceae |
| 198 | Other | 0.632 | 0.038 | Bacteroidetes; Bacteroidia; Bacteroidales; Porphyromonadaceae; Porphyromonas; |
| 352 | Other | 0.6238 | 0.005 | Firmicutes; Clostridia; Clostridiales; Veillonellaceae; Selenomonas; noxia |
| 723 | Other | 0.5914 | 0.029 | Proteobacteria; Gammaproteobacteria; Pasteurellales; Pasteurellaceae; Aggregatibacter |
| 1252 | Noma | 0.5895 | 0.038 | Synergistetes; Synergistia; Synergistales; Dethiosulfovibrionaceae; TG5 |
| 404 | Other | 0.5882 | 0.033 | Firmicutes; Clostridia; Clostridiales; Veillonellaceae; Selenomonas |
| 1291 | Other | 0.5882 | 0.029 | Firmicutes; Clostridia; Clostridiales; Peptostreptococcaceae |
| 1013 | Noma | 0.5856 | 0.003 | Firmicutes; Clostridia; Clostridiales; Clostridiaceae; Mogibacterium |
| 8 | Other | 0.5775 | 0.05 | Bacteroidetes; Bacteroidia; Bacteroidales; Porphyromonadaceae; Porphyromonas |
| 535 | Noma | 0.5746 | 0.03 | Firmicutes; Clostridia; Clostridiales; Veillonellaceae |
| 881 | Noma | 0.5719 | 0.007 | Firmicutes; Clostridia; Clostridiales; Veillonellaceae |
| 273 | Other | 0.5558 | 0.043 | Actinobacteria; Actinobacteria; Actinomycetales; Corynebacteriaceae; Corynebacterium |
| 825 | Noma | 0.5556 | 0.045 | Firmicutes; Clostridia; Clostridiales; Veillonellaceae; Selenomonas |
| 1022 | Other | 0.5466 | 0.022 | Proteobacteria; Gammaproteobacteria; Pasteurellales; Pasteurellaceae; Haemophilus |
| 1066 | Other | 0.5401 | 0.015 | Bacteroidetes; Bacteroidia; Bacteroidales; Porphyromonadaceae; Porphyromonas |
| 770 | Noma | 0.5354 | 0.01 | Bacteroidetes; Bacteroidia; Bacteroidales; Prevotellaceae; Prevotella; melaninogenica |
| 1093 | Noma | 0.5354 | 0.011 | Firmicutes; Erysipelotrichi; Erysipelotrichales; Erysipelotrichaceae; Bulleidia; moorei |
| 496 | Noma | 0.53 | 0.036 | Synergistetes; Synergistia; Synergistales; Dethiosulfovibrionaceae; TG5 |
| 1063 | Noma | 0.5272 | 0.007 | Firmicutes; Clostridia; Clostridiales; Clostridiaceae |
| 973 | Other | 0.5219 | 0.025 | Bacteroidetes; Flavobacteriia; Flavobacteriales; Flavobacteriaceae; Elizabethkingia |
| 596 | Other | 0.5039 | 0.038 | Actinobacteria; Actinobacteria; Actinomycetales; Propionibacteriaceae |
| 1142 | Noma | 0.4984 | 0.048 | Spirochaetes; Spirochaetes; Spirochaetales; Spirochaetaceae; Treponema; amylovorum |
| 756 | Noma | 0.4748 | 0.001 | Firmicutes; Clostridia; Clostridiales; Lachnospiraceae; Oribacterium |
| 995 | Other | 0.4645 | 0.033 | Bacteroidetes; Flavobacteriia; Flavobacteriales; Flavobacteriaceae; Capnocytophaga; ochracea |
| 866 | Noma | 0.4615 | 0.017 | Firmicutes; Clostridia; Clostridiales; Ruminococcaceae |
| 1280 | Other | 0.4583 | 0.025 | Firmicutes; Clostridia; Clostridiales; Lachnospiraceae; Johnsonella |
| 250 | Noma | 0.4569 | 0.002 | Spirochaetes; Spirochaetes; Spirochaetales; Spirochaetaceae; Treponema |
| 762 | Noma | 0.4523 | 0.028 | Bacteroidetes; Bacteroidia; Bacteroidales; Paraprevotellaceae; Prevotella |
| 438 | Noma | 0.443 | 0.005 | Bacteroidetes; Bacteroidia; Bacteroidales; Prevotellaceae; Prevotella |
| 463 | Noma | 0.4396 | 0.046 | Firmicutes; Clostridia; Clostridiales; Veillonellaceae |
| 39 | Noma | 0.4179 | 0.002 | Firmicutes; Clostridia; Coriobacteriales; Coriobacteriaceae; Olsenella; uli |
| 711 | Other | 0.4089 | 0.033 | Proteobacteria; Gammaproteobacteria; Pasteurellales; Pasteurellaceae; Haemophilus |
| 955 | Noma | 0.3974 | 0.026 | Bacteroidetes; Bacteroidia; Bacteroidales |
| 1205 | Noma | 0.391 | 0.03 | Spirochaetes; Spirochaetes; Spirochaetales; Spirochaetaceae; Treponema |
| 1261 | Noma | 0.3846 | 0.02 | Bacteroidetes; Bacteroidia; Bacteroidales; Prevotellaceae; Prevotella |
| 943 | Other | 0.3542 | 0.043 | Bacteroidetes; Bacteroidia; Bacteroidales |
| 31 | Other | 0.3333 | 0.049 | Proteobacteria; Betaproteobacteria; Rhodocyclales; Rhodocyclaceae; Propionivibrio |
| 820 | Noma | 0.3252 | 0.006 | Spirochaetes; Spirochaetes; Spirochaetales; Spirochaetaceae; Treponema |
| 659 | Noma | 0.303 | 0.039 | Firmicutes; Clostridia; Clostridiales |
| 355 | Noma | 0.2976 | 0.047 | Fusobacteria; Fusobacteria; Fusobacteriales; Fusobacteriaceae; Fusobacterium |
| 503 | Noma | 0.2963 | 0.02 | Firmicutes; Erysipelotrichi; Erysipelotrichales; Erysipelotrichaceae; Bulleidia |
| 1309 | Noma | 0.2963 | 0.022 | Bacteroidetes; Bacteroidia; Bacteroidales; Prevotellaceae; Prevotella |
| 200 | Noma | 0.25 | 0.01 | Spirochaetes; Spirochaetes; Spirochaetales; Spirochaetaceae; Treponema |
| 676 | Noma | 0.25 | 0.008 | Bacteria |
| 907 | Noma | 0.25 | 0.007 | Bacteroidetes; Bacteroidia; Bacteroidales; Paraprevotellaceae; Prevotella |
| 1124 | Noma | 0.25 | 0.006 | Tenericutes; Mollicutes; Anaeroplasmatales; Anaeroplasmataceae |
| 1317 | Noma | 0.2414 | 0.016 | Firmicutes; Clostridia; Clostridiales; Clostridiaceae |
| 471 | Noma | 0.24 | 0.011 | Bacteroidetes; Bacteroidia; Bacteroidales; Prevotellaceae; Prevotella; melaninogenica |
| 1154 | Noma | 0.24 | 0.013 | Firmicutes; Clostridia; Clostridiales; Peptostreptococcaceae |
| 1061 | Noma | 0.2353 | 0.012 | Bacteroidetes; Bacteroidia; Bacteroidales |
| 160 | Noma | 0.2319 | 0.018 | Firmicutes; Clostridia; Clostridiales; Clostridiaceae; Peptoniphilus; asaccharolyticus |
| 74 | Noma | 0.2299 | 0.039 | Firmicutes; Clostridia; Coriobacteriales; Coriobacteriaceae; Atopobium |
| 331 | Noma | 0.2222 | 0.029 | TM7; TM7-3 |
| 768 | Noma | 0.2222 | 0.029 | Bacteroidetes; Bacteroidia; Bacteroidales |
| 1108 | Noma | 0.2143 | 0.047 | Bacteroidetes; Bacteroidia; Bacteroidales; Bacteroidaceae; Bacteroides |
| 1077 | Noma | 0.1875 | 0.047 | Firmicutes; Clostridia; Clostridiales; Lachnospiraceae |
| 94 | Noma | 0.1667 | 0.041 | Firmicutes; Clostridia; Clostridiales; Clostridiaceae |
| 249 | Noma | 0.1667 | 0.038 | Bacteroidetes; Bacteroidia; Bacteroidales; Prevotellaceae; Prevotella; intermedia |
| 580 | Noma | 0.1667 | 0.048 | Firmicutes; Clostridia; Clostridiales; Peptostreptococcaceae; Peptostreptococcus |
| 880 | Noma | 0.1667 | 0.034 | Fusobacteria; Fusobacteria; Fusobacteriales; Leptotrichiaceae |
| 931 | Noma | 0.1667 | 0.033 | Bacteria |
| 976 | Noma | 0.1667 | 0.042 | Firmicutes |
| 1113 | Noma | 0.1667 | 0.036 | Bacteroidetes; Bacteroidia; Bacteroidales; Prevotellaceae; Prevotella |
| 1150 | Noma | 0.1667 | 0.045 | Bacteroidetes; Bacteroidia; Bacteroidales |
| 1271 | Noma | 0.1667 | 0.038 | Bacteroidetes; Bacteroidia; Bacteroidales; Prevotellaceae; Prevotella |
| 736 | Noma | 0.1655 | 0.044 | Proteobacteria; Gammaproteobacteria; Enterobacteriales; Enterobacteriaceae; Proteus |
| 1318 | Noma | 0.1603 | 0.046 | Bacteroidetes; Bacteroidia; Bacteroidales; Porphyromonadaceae; Paludibacter |
| 614 | Noma | 0.16 | 0.046 | Bacteroidetes; Bacteroidia; Bacteroidales; Prevotellaceae; Prevotella; intermedia |
| 748 | Noma | 0.1569 | 0.038 | Bacteroidetes; Bacteroidia; Bacteroidales; Prevotellaceae; Prevotella |
Indicator values were calculated using the abundance distribution of OTUs at the 97% identity cutoff. Boldface highlights the taxa that are indicators for noma. The abundance ranges for taxa with high indicator species values are shown in box plots in Figure 4A. Results with all groups in “Other” being treated separately are shown in Table S6.