Table 3. Association of overweight and obesity with wheeze and effect modification: OR with 95%-confidence intervals adjusted for sex.
| OR | N | n(centres) | OR | N | n(centres) | P-value for difference | |
| Affluent countries | Nonaffluent countries | ||||||
| Overweight | 1.27 (1.08;1.50) | 7623 | 14 | 0.86 (0.65;1.16) | 2035 | 7 | 0.024 |
| Obese | 1.80 (1.28;2.53) | 5869 | 13 | 1.34 (0.91;1.98) | 1405 | 5 | 0.27 |
| Boys | Girls | ||||||
| Overweight | 1.26 (1.05;1.53) | 4801 | 20 | 0.98 (0.71;1.34) | 4628 | 19 | 0.17 |
| Obese | 1.94 (1.45;2.60) | 3768 | 18 | 1.47 (1.08;2.00) | 3068 | 16 | 0.20 |
| Atopics | Nonatopics | ||||||
| Overweight | 1.22 (0.95;1.56) | 2095 | 20 | 1.05 (0.87;1.27) | 5328 | 20 | 0.35 |
| Obese | 1.65 (1.14;2.39) | 1403 | 14 | 1.70 (1.08;2.66) | 3537 | 16 | 0.92 |
| Parental allergic disease | No parental allergic disease | ||||||
| Overweight | 1.10 (0.86;1.41) | 4753 | 18 | 1.21 (0.98;1.49) | 4496 | 19 | 0.57 |
| Obese | 1.97 (1.49;2.62) | 3757 | 17 | 1.48 (1.05;2.08) | 3190 | 15 | 0.20 |
| Parental asthma | No parental asthma | ||||||
| Overweight | 1.18 (0.84;1.67) | 1126 | 16 | 1.14 (0.96;1.36) | 8078 | 20 | 0.86 |
| Obese | 1.88 (1.13;3.12) | 772 | 12 | 1.65 (1.24;2.19) | 6066 | 17 | 0.66 |
| BHR | No BHR | ||||||
| Overweight | 1.02 (0.73;1.44) | 1126 | 18 | 1.12 (0.84;1.49) | 3918 | 19 | 0.69 |
| Obese | 1.37 (0.82;2.28) | 825 | 14 | 1.94 (1.19;3.16) | 2607 | 14 | 0.34 |
| Mother smoked in pregnancy | No maternal smoking in pregnancy | ||||||
| Overweight | 1.21 (0.87;1.68) | 1427 | 10 | 1.16 (0.98;1.37) | 6873 | 19 | 0.85 |
| Obese | 1.93 (1.24;2.99) | 1171 | 10 | 1.52 (1.19;1.94) | 5063 | 16 | 0.35 |
| Fresh fruits intake* | No fresh fruits intake | ||||||
| Overweight | 1.20 (0.94;1.53) | 4233 | 15 | 0.88 (0.52;1.49) | 414 | 10 | 0.29 |
| Obese | 1.53 (1.04;2.25) | 3227 | 13 | 1.35 (0.59;3.07) | 252 | 7 | 0.78 |
| Med score first tertile§ | Med score second and third tertile | ||||||
| Overweight | 1.33 (1.03;1.72) | 1918 | 13 | 1.15 (0.81;1.64) | 1841 | 13 | 0.51 |
| Obese | 1.50 (1.05;2.14) | 1449 | 11 | 1.41 (0.95;2.10) | 1380 | 11 | 0.82 |
| Physical activity + | Physical activity− | ||||||
| Overweight | 1.32 (1.01;1.74) | 2656 | 13 | 0.93 (0.63;1.38) | 817 | 11 | 0.15 |
| Obese | 1.69 (1.04;2.76) | 2075 | 12 | 1.07 (0.61;1.88) | 676 | 11 | 0.23 |
| Urban$ | Rural$ | ||||||
| Overweight | 1.08 (0.81;1.45) | 3401 | 18 | 1.22 (0.91;1.62) | 2095 | 15 | 0.58 |
| Obese | 1.24 (0.92;1.66) | 2262 | 13 | 2.05 (1.22;3.45) | 1470 | 13 | 0.10 |
| Low birth weight& | Normal birth weight& | ||||||
| Overweight | 1.65 (0.89;3.06) | 417 | 11 | 1.09 (0.83;1.42) | 2746 | 17 | 0.23 |
| Obese | 2.54 (0.86;7.50) | 159 | 4 | 1.35 (0.82;2.23) | 1996 | 14 | 0.30 |
| High birthweight& | Normal birth weight& | ||||||
| Overweight | 1.40 (1.08;1.82) | 1816 | 15 | 1.09 (0.83;1.42) | 2746 | 17 | 0.18 |
| Obese | 2.10 (1.49;2.98) | 1508 | 15 | 1.35 (0.82;2.23) | 1996 | 14 | 0.15 |
+
Physical activity: 2 times a week or more often; *Fresh fruits are consumed 1 time per week or more often; §Med.Score: higher scores for more frequent consumption of vegetables (raw green and cooked), fruit, fruit juice and fish, and lower scores for more frequent consumption of meat, burger and fizzy drinks (for details see File S1 and S2); &Low birthweight: less than 2500 g, normal: 2500–3499 g, high: more than 3500 g; $urban: suburban, with few parks or gardens or urban with no parks or gardens, rural: rural, open spaces or fields nearby or suburban, with many parks or gardens.