GlcN causes cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, ER stress and increased autophagy.
A, Cell cycle phase distribution for KMH2 and RAMOS cells (black: sub-G1, dark gray: G0/G1, white: S-phase, and light gray: G2/M). B, Apoptosis assay for KMH2 and RAMOS cells. C, Increased vacuolization of KMH2 cells upon GlcN treatment. D, SQSTM1 was up-regulated after GlcN treatment (green depicts untreated and red depicts after the GlcN treatment) at both the (a) protein and (b) mRNA level after GlcN treatment. E, GRP78/HSPA5 was up-regulated following the GlcN treatment (green depicts untreated and red depicts after the GlcN treatment) at both the (a) protein and (b) mRNA level after GlcN treatment.