. 2014 Sep 22;2(6):768–785. doi: 10.1002/fsn3.171

Table 2.

Changes in levels of total amino acids in naturally fermented pastes during fermentation

	g per kg sample
Sample	100S			90S			75S
Amino acid	0 h	48 h	72 h	0 h	48 h	72 h	0 h	48 h	72 h
Cys	5.96 ± 0.10^a	6.76 ± 0.058^b	6.82 ± 0.16^b	5.61 ± 0.03^a	6.04 ± 0.03^b	6.11 ± 0.06^b	5.01 ± 0.01^a	5.29 ± 0.07^a	5.21 ± 0.14^a
Met	5.65 ± 0.07^a	5.69 ± 0.34^a	5.88 ± 0.11^a	4.85 ± 0.06^a	5.27 ± 0.17^b	5.21 ± 0.06^b	4.64 ± 0.22^a	4.56 ± 0.28^a	4.48 ± 0.14^a
Asp	53.85 ± 0.57^a	50.54 ± 0.64^b	51.95 ± 1.61^ab	45.21 ± 0.12^ab	45.80 ± 0.31^b	44.26 ± 0.51^a	39.45 ± 1.06^a	37.99 ± 0.59^a	37.29 ± 0.69^a
Thr	18.73 ± 0.39^a	17.72 ± 0.62^a	18.49 ± 0.72^a	16.03 ± 0.01^a	16.22 ± 0.03^a	15.80 ± 0.44^a	14.15 ± 0.39^a	13.83 ± 0.23^a	13.37 ± 0.27^a
Ser	24.89 ± 0.13^a	23.33 ± 0.34^a	24.34 ± 1.03^a	21.16 ± 0.05^a	21.64 ± 0.12^a	20.82 ± 0.46^a	18.84 ± 0.50^a	18.51 ± 0.06^a	18.04 ± 0.35^a
Glu	93.29 ± 0.44^a	86.30 ± 0.10^b	87.69 ± 2.86^b	79.56 ± 0.26^a	79.01 ± 0.58^a	76.83 ± 0.12^b	70.41 ± 1.78^a	66.36 ± 0.18^b	65.85 ± 1.43^b
Pro	21.73 ± 0.26^a	19.94 ± 0.25^b	21.03 ± 0.96^a	19.14 ± 0.28^a	18.89 ± 0.60^a	18.17 ± 0.0⁹	17.61 ± 0.56^a	16.45^b	16.74 ± 0.30^ab
Gly	17.20 ± 0.07^a	16.09 ± 0.01^a	16.52 ± 0.64^a	14.57 ± 0.05^a	14.47 ± 0.09^a	14.03 ± 0.01^b	12.69 ± 0.21^a	12.21 ± 0.03^a	12.07 ± 0.19^b
Ala	17.71 ± 0.07^a	17.03 ± 0.05^a	17.84 ± 0.86^a	15.74 ± 0.09^a	15.76 ± 0.13^a	15.18 ± 0.07^a	14.10 ± 0.06^a	13.91 ± 0.17^a	13.84 ± 0.07^a
Val	20.79 ± 0.48^a	18.91 ± 0.21^b	20.71 ± 0.85^a	18.07 ± 0.03^a	17.84 ± 0.14^a	16.96 ± 0.22^b	15.48 ± 0.36^a	15.10 ± 0.13^a	14.93 ± 0.15^a
Ile	21.63 ± 0.70^a	20.40 ± 0.16^a	21.59 ± 1.38^a	18.87 ± 0.28^a	18.47 ± 0.27^ab	17.82 ± 0.07^b	15.91 ± 0.46^a	15.66 ± 0.02^a	15.33 ± 0.53^a
Leu	36.13 ± 0.57^a	34.07 ± 0.37^a	35.99 ± 1.77^a	31.91 ± 0.14^a	31.47 ± 0.05^b	30.52 ± 0.12^c	28.59 ± 0.56^a	27.83 ± 0.19^a	27.65 ± 1.06^a
Tyr	17.00 ± 0.26^a	16 ± 0.13^a	16.44 ± 0.86^a	14.50 ± 0.45^a	14.67 ± 0.19^a	14.32 ± 0.04^a	12.70 ± 0.15^a	12.40 ± 0.02^a	12.26 ± 0.28^a
Phe	24.83 ± 0.07^a	22.47 ± 0.37^b	23.57 ± 1.04^ab	20.81 ± 1.13^a	20.76 ± 0.48^a	20.37 ± 0.12^a	18.22 ± 0.56^a	17.28 ± 0.03^a	17.25 ± 0.07^a
His	14.18 ± 0.18^a	13.15 ± 0.05^b	13.47 ± 0.55^ab	12.11 ± 0.02^a	12.05 ± 0.14^a	11.70 ± 0.10^b	10.65 ± 0.20^a	10.29 ± 0.06^a	10.11 ± 0.21^a
Lys	29.45 ± 0.06^a	28.4 ± 0.62^a	28.76 ± 0.83^a	25.09 ± 0.29^a	25.22 ± 0.22^a	24.41 ± 0.19^b	21.50 ± 0.38^a	20.81 ± 0.03^a	20.76 ± 0.54^a
Arg	35.88 ± 0.19^a	30.64 ± 1.77^b	32.78 ± 1.48^ab	29.67 ± 0.01^a	29.24 ± 0.12^a	29.51 ± 2.04^a	25.54 ± 0.61^a	24.36 ± 0.06^ab	23.80 ± 0.86^b
SumAA	458.9 ± 3.39^a	427.45 ± 2.19^b	443.8 ± 17.68^ab	392.85 ± 1.91^a	392.8 ± 2.55^a	382 ± 4.10^b	345.5 ± 7.92^a	332.85 ± 0.92^a	328.95 ± 6.86^a

	(g per kg sample)
Sample	100SBS			90SBS			75SBS
Amino acid	0 h	48 h	72 h	0 h	48 h	72 h	0 h	48 h	72 h
Cys	5.95 ± 0.11^a	6.43 ± 0.18^b	6.36 ± 0.15^ab	5.35 ± 0.24^a	6.11 ± 0.06^b	6.02 ± 0.09^b	4.66 ± 0.09^a	5.46 ± 0.02^b	5.28 ± 0.01^b
Met	5.41 ± 0.38^a	5.56 ± 0.20^a	5.53 ± 0.11^a	4.90 ± 0.09^a	5.02 ± 0.19^a	5.13 ± 0.28^a	4.04 ± 0.15^a	4.55 ± 0.03^b	4.45 ± 0.10^b
Asp	51.88 ± 1.13^a	47.92 ± 0.08^b	47.86 ± 0.33^b	43.02 ± 0.63^a	44.19 ± 0.46^a	44.36 ± 0.78^a	37.2 ± 0.14^a	38.83 ± 0.75^b	37.07 ± 0.60^a
Thr	18.28 ± 0.78^a	16.98 ± 0.22^a	17.07 ± 0.19^a	15.32 ± 0.34^a	15.72 ± 0.39^a	15.83 ± 0.28^a	13.28 ± 0.23^a	14.21 ± 0.15^a	13.40 ± 0.50^a
Ser	24.14 ± 0.78^a	22.48 ± 0.14^b	22.49 ± 0.17^b	20.02 ± 0.51^a	20.85 ± 0.24^ab	21.18 ± 0.23^b	17.63 ± 0.27^a	18.82 ± 0.11^b	17.67 ± 0.54^a
Glu	89.87 ± 1.42^a	81.80 ± 1.11^b	80.99 ± 0.28^b	75.94 ± 1.05^a	76.52 ± 0.23^a	75.97 ± 1.11^a	68.06 ± 1.42^a	68.98 ± 1.07^a	68.25 ± 1.41^a
Pro	21.27 ± 1.08^a	19.87 ± 0.70^a	19.02 ± 0.38^a	18.40 ± 0.62^a	18.43 ± 0.01^a	18.53 ± 0.18^a	17.03 ± 0.23^a	16.87 ± 0.07^a	17.29 ± 0.48^a
Gly	16.38 ± 0.24^a	15.14 ± 0.01^b	15.31 ± 0.04^b	13.81 ± 0.11^a	14.12 ± 0.12^a	14.04 ± 0.22^a	12.32 ± 0.24^a	12.62 ± 0.30^a	12.17 ± 0.12^a
Ala	17.14 ± 0.34^a	16.17 ± 0.16^b	16.80 ± 0.32^ab	15.28 ± 0.11^a	15.59 ± 0.08^a	15.55 ± 0.09^a	13.80 ± 0.34^a	14.53 ± 0.31^a	14.15 ± 0.13^a
Val	20.01 ± 0.47^a	18.23 ± 0.19^b	19.03 ± 0.29^ab	17.17 ± 0.08^a	16.81 ± 0.13^b	16.94 ± 0.12^ab	15.18 ± 0.27^a	15.52 ± 0.35^a	14.76 ± 0.08^a
Isoleu	20.91 ± 0.32^a	19.59 ± 0.41^a	20.35 ± 0.54^a	17.84^a	17.58 ± 0.34^a	18.07 ± 0.19^a	15.45 ± 0.13^a	16.09 ± 0.22^a	15.53 ± 0.29^a
Leu	34.83 ± 0.67^a	32.82 ± 1.02^a	33.68 ± 0.82^a	30.91 ± 0.14^a	30.49 ± 0.39^a	30.83 ± 0.20^a	28.09 ± 0.37^a	28.24 ± 0.69^a	28.11 ± 0.70^a
Tyr	16.40 ± 0.03^a	15.43 ± 0.20^b	14.69 ± 0.11^c	13.89 ± 0.31^a	14.47 ± 0.28^a	14.29 ± 0.21^a	12.41 ± 0.05^a	12.79 ± 0.10^a	12.44 ± 0.10^a
Phe	23.22 ± 0.13^a	21.67 ± 0.04^b	21.32 ± 0.22^b	19.76 ± 0.05^a	20.36 ± 0.32^a	20.26 ± 0.35^a	17.87 ± 0.045^ab	18.03 ± 0.12^b	17.55 ± 0.14^a
His	13.66 ± 0.20^a	12.39 ± 0.01^b	12.48 ± 0.05^b	11.57 ± 0.05^a	11.65 ± 0.03^a	11.59 ± 0.14^a	10.36 ± 0.22^a	10.53 ± 0.09^a	10.30 ± 0.08^a
Lys	28.19 ± 0.36^a	26.55 ± 0.05^b	26.55 ± 0.15^b	23.46 ± 0.12^a	24.33 ± 0.04^b	24.42 ± 0.19^b	20.34 ± 0.23^a	21.32 ± 0.71^a	20.48 ± 0.41^a
Arg	34.47 ± 0.62^a	30.30 ± 0.10^b	30.38 ± 0.11^b	28.26 ± 0.52^a	28.22 ± 0.05^a	28.09 ± 0.83^a	25.11 ± 0.54^ab	26 ± 2.78^b	23.53 ± 0.31^a
SumAA	442 ± 8.77^a	409.3 ± 3.11^b	409.9 ± 0.99^b	374.85 ± 3.46^a	380.45 ± 3.04^a	381.1 ± 4.81^a	332.8 ± 3.54^a	343.4 ± 7.78^a	332.45 ± 0.21^a

Means in a row and within a sample not sharing superscripts are significantly different (P < 0.05). Samples coded 100S, 90S, and 75S represent naturally fermented pastes, while samples coded 100SBS, 90SBS, and 75SBS represent lactic acid-fermented pastes. Pastes are designated according to 100%, 90%, and 75% soybean composition, the remaining proportions being maize.