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. 2014 Sep 22;2(6):768–785. doi: 10.1002/fsn3.171

Table 3.

Changes in levels of free amino acids in naturally fermented pastes during fermentation

  (μmol/mL)
Sample 100S
90S
75S
Amino acid 0 h 24 h 48 h 72 h 0 h 24 h 48 h 72 h 0 h 24 h 48 h 72 h
Asp 0.58 ± 0.04a 0.36 ± 0.33a 0.55 ± 0.5a 0.79 ± 0.50a 0.56 ± 0.014a 0.64 ± 0.36a 0.84 ± 0.08a 1.23 ± 1.05a 0.61 ± 0.02a 0.71 ± 0.46a 0.85 ± 0.71a 0.78 ± 0.37a
Glu 0.8 ± 0.03a 1.12 ± 0.45a 2.92 ± 1.43ab 4.84 ± 0.48b 0.87 ± 0.02a 0.92 ± 0.35a 2.16 ± 0.91b 3.71 ± 2.64b 0.82 ± 0.01a 0.99 ± 0.13a 1.36 ± 0.09ab 2.38 ± 0.72b
Asn 0.6a 0.03b 0.13bc 0.2 ± 0.08c 0.51 ± 0.01a 0.17 ± 0.03ab 0.09 ± 0.08b 0.15 ± 0.15ab 0.63 ± 0.03a 0.19 ± 0.14b 0.05 ± 0.03b 0.12 ± 0.09b
Ser 0.12 ± 0.01a 0.35 ± 0.01b 0.65 ± 0.09c 0.63 ± 0.07c 0.10 + 0.01a 0.11 ± 0.06a 0.27 ± 0.22a 0.29 ± 0.3a 0.1a 0.1 ± 0.02a 0.22 ± 0.09a 0.3 ± 0.17a
Gln 0.01a 0.03 ± 0.01a 0.06 ± 0.04ab 0.12 ± 0.03b 0.01a 0.04 ± 0.01a 0.06 ± 0.03ab 0.13 ± 0.12b 0.01a 0.04 ± 0.01a 0.04 ± 0.01a 0.07 ± 0.04a
His 0.29 ± 0.04a 0.09 ± 0.03b 0.06 ± 0.02b 0.38c 0.19 ± 0.01a 0.12 ± 0.01a 0.12 ± 0.09a 0.24a 0.16 ± 0.02a 0.15 ± 0.02a 0.14 ± 0.06a 0.07 ± 0.06a
Gly 0.22ab 0.15 ± 0.08b 0.25 ± 0.13ab 0.47 ± 0.09c 0.20a 0.19 ± 0.04a 0.41 ± 0.18b 0.57 ± 0.30b 0.23 ± 0.01a 0.18 ± 0.04a 0.18 ± 0.08a 0.29 ± 0.16a
Thr 0.08 ± 0.01a 0.03 ± 0.01a 0.10 ± 0.11a 0.13 ± 0.08a 0.08 ± 0.01a 0.03 ± 0.01a 0.12 ± 0.06a 0.20 ± 0.24a 0.08 ± 0.01a 0.04 ± 0.01b 0.07 ± 0.01a 0.07 ± 0.01a
Cit 0.01a 0.19b 0.13 ± 0.16b 0.37c 0.01a 0.06 ± 0.07a 0.07 ± 0.06a 0.07 ± 0.07a n.d. 0.07 0.10 ± 0.06 0.06 ± 0.01
Arg 5.82 ± 0.01a 1.45 ± 1.49b 0.05 ± 0.02c 0.06c 3.16 ± 0.02a 1.94 ± 1.46ab 0.11 ± 0.12b 0.07 ± 0.01b 2.82 ± 0.04a 1.31 ± 0.24b 0.04 ± 0.01c 0.04 ± 0.02c
Ala 0.67ac 0.35 ± 0.11ab 1.79 ± 0.66c 3.63 ± 0.46d 0.59 ± 0.01a 0.30 ± 0.18a 1.15 ± 1.03b 2.63 ± 2.32c 0.64 ± 0.01a 0.37 ± 0.12a 0.61 ± 0.37a 1.43 ± 0.41b
GABA 0.13 ± 0.14a 0.14 ± 0.02a 0.13 ± 0.04a 0.12a 0.11a 0.10a 0.12 ± 0.01a 0.23 ± 0.13a 0.15 ± 0.01a 0.13 ± 0.01a 0.13 ± 0.01a 0.21 ± 0.09a
Tyr 0.11 ± 0.01a 0.15 ± 0.15a 0.12 ± 0.11a 0.07 ± 0.06a 0.12a 0.10a 0.19 ± 0.23a 0.18 ± 0.03a 0.14 ± 0.01a 0.11 ± 0.11a 0.13 ± 0.16a 0.08 ± 0.06a
Val 0.17 ± 0.01a 0.06a 0.57 ± 0.11ab 1.0 ± 0.37b 0.13 ± 0.01a 0.05 ± 0.05a 0.42 ± 0.52ab 0.89 ± 1.17b 0.13 ± 0.01a 0.05 ± 0.03a 0.21 ± 0.24a 0.50 ± 0.43a
Met 0.10 ± 0.01a 0.01a 0.02 ± 0.01a 0.03 ± 0.02a 0.07a 0.05a 0.05a 0.05a 0.06 0.03 0.02 n.d.
Ile 0.16 ± 0.01a 0.01a 0.26 ± 0.13ab 0.55 ± 0.19b 0.12a 0.04 ± 0.04a 0.21 ± 0.26a 0.65 ± 0.88a 0.10 ± 0.01a 0.05 ± 0.04a 0.15 ± 0.17a 0.32 ± 0.26a
Phe 0.2 ± 0.03a 0.25 ± 0.17a 1.13 ± 0.31b 1.66 ± 1.12b 0.2a 0.15a 0.84 ± 1.06b 1.61 ± 2.15b 0.15 ± 0.01a 0.12 ± 0.11a 0.44 ± 0.56a 0.67 ± 0.71a
Trp 0.29 ± 0.04a 0.27 ± 0.11a 0.33 ± 0.07a 0.33 ± 0.05a 0.28 ± 0.021a 0.29 ± 0.01a 0.25 ± 0.06a 0.24 ± 0.04a 0.22 ± 0.01a 0.24 ± 0.05a 0.25 ± 0.01a 0.21a
Leu 0.20 ± 0.01a 0.09 ± 0.04a 1.06 ± 0.21ab 2.19 ± 1.0b 0.16 + 0.01a 0.05 ± 0.05a 1.12 ± 1.47b 2.59 ± 3.49b 0.13a 0.06 ± 0.03a 0.42 ± 0.52a 1.11 ± 0.95b
Orn 1.05 ± 0.20ab 1.91 ± 0.61a 0.82 ± 0.67ab 0.42 ± 0.34b 0.72 ± 0.08a 0.75 ± 0.21a 1.01 ± 0.12a 0.25 ± 0.08b 0.61 ± 0.09a 0.83 ± 0.24a 1.38 ± 0.25b 0.56 ± 0.16a
Lys 0.33 ± 0.01a 0.35 ± 0.06ab 0.58 ± 0.13b 0.95 ± 0.08c 0.31 ± 0.10a 0.25 ± 0.01a 0.65 ± 0.45ab 0.92 ± 0.65b 0.3a 0.37 ± 0.12a 0.34 ± 0.01a 0.74 ± 0.30a
  (μmol/mL)
Sample 100SBS
90SBS
75SBS
Amino acid 0 h 24 h 48 h 72 h 0 h 24 h 48 h 72 h 0 h 24 h 48 h 72 h
Asp 0.55 ± 0.04a 0.99 ± 0.41a 0.74 ± 0.13a 0.78 ± 0.12a 0.66 ± 0.11a 0.84 ± 0.3a 1.05 ± 0.03a 0.90 ± 0.04a 0.89 ± 0.12a 1.13 ± 0.39a 0.83 ± 0.11a 0.72 ± 0.14a
Glu 0.87 ± 0.01a 2.79 ± 0.1b 2.33 ± 0.54b 2.55 ± 0.38b 0.98 ± 0.1a 2.56 ± 0.1b 3.37 ± 0.1c 3.07 ± 0.35c 0.98 ± 0.06a 2.37 ± 0.05ab 2.94 ± 0.42b 3.14 ± 1.30b
Asn 0.50 ± 0.05a 0.15 ± 0.03a 0.25 ± 0.21a 0.36 ± 0.19a 0.50 ± 0.08a 0.12 ± 0.01b 0.33 ± 0.10ab 0.35 ± 0.10a 0.85 ± 0.11a 0.11 ± 0.01b 0.21 ± 0.04b 0.25 ± 0.14b
Ser 0.14a 0.09 ± 0.05a 0.11 ± 0.01a 0.18 ± 0.05a 0.18 ± 0.01a 0.08 ± 0.04b 0.12 ± 0.04ab 0.19 ± 0.01a 0.20 ± 0.01a 0.07 ± 0.02b 0.11ab 0.18 ± 0.01a
Gln 0.01a 0.12 ± 0.01b 0.22 ± 0.03c 0.33 ± 0.06d 0.02a 0.16 ± 0.03ab 0.42 ± 0.16b 0.5 ± 0.21b 0.03 ± 0.01a 0.18 ± 0.01b 0.39 ± 0.03c 0.43 ± 0.08c
His 0.14 ± 0.08 n.d. n.d. n.d. 0.11 ± 0.06 n.d. n.d. n.d. 0.17 ± 0.09 n.d. n.d. n.d.
Gly 0.25 ± 0.01a 0.46 ± 0.03ab 0.79 ± 0.14ab 1.07 ± 0.47b 0.27 ± 0.01a 0.51 ± 0.02ab 0.75 ± 0.18b 1.06 ± 0.06c 0.32 ± 0.02a 0.49 ± 0.01b 0.71 ± 0.08c 0.73 ± 0.01c
Thr 0.07 ± 0.02a 0.13 ± 0.06a 0.11 ± 0.02a 0.24 ± 0.01b 0.10 ± 0.05a 0.11 ± 0.04a 0.29 ± 0.09b 0.29 ± 0.05b 0.11 ± 0.04a 0.13 ± 0.04a 0.19 ± 0.09a 0.31 ± 0.11a
Cit 0.01a 0.28 ± 0.36a 0.13 ± 0.15a 0.04 ± 0.02a 0.01a 0.29 ± 0.36a 0.27 ± 0.36a 0.15 ± 0.18a 0.02 ± 0.01a 0.37 ± 0.39a 0.31 ± 0.38a 0.19 ± 0.23a
Arg 5.09 ± 0.03a 0.06 ± 0.04b 0.06 ± 0.01b 0.07 ± 0.01b 3.12 ± 0.02a 0.06 ± 0.04b 0.05 ± 0.01b 0.05 ± 0.01b 4.20 ± 0.05a 0.08 ± 0.05b 0.09 ± 0.06b 0.10 ± 0.04b
Ala 0.70 ± 0.01a 1.34 ± 0.43a 2.67 ± 0.66ab 3.84 ± 1.53b 0.72 ± 0.02a 1.25 ± 0.34ab 2.32 ± 0.5bc 3.27 ± 0.66c 0.89 ± 0.01a 1.19 ± 0.19ab 2.00 ± 0.53ab 2.54 ± 0.81b
GABA 0.17 ± 0.01a 0.51 ± 0.42a 2.49 ± 2.77b 3.75 ± 3.75b 0.21 + 0.03a 0.35 + 0.13a 1.07 ± 0.86b 2.20 ± 1.96b 0.27 ± 0.04a 0.31 ± 0.06a 0.41 ± 0.03a 0.43 ± 0.15a
Tyr 0.13 ± 0.01a 0.06 ± 0.02ab 0.03b 0.06 ± 0.03ab 0.15a 0.04 + 0.02b 0.03 ± 0.01b 0.04 ± 0.01b 0.16a 0.03 ± 0.02b 0.02 ± 0.01b 0.04 ± 0.03b
Val 0.20 ± 0.01ab 0.05 ± 0.01a 0.25 ± 0.21ab 0.53 ± 0.26b 0.21 ± 0.01a 0.03 ± 0.01a 0.13 ± 0.13a 0.26 ± 0.18a 0.24 ± 0.01a 0.02b 0.06 ± 0.03b 0.18 ± 0.12ab
Met 0.10 ± 0.01 n.d. 0.03 0.04 + 0.03 0.09 n.d. n.d. 0.02 0.09 n.d. n.d. 0.01
Ile 0.14 ± 0.02a 0.10 ± 0.01a 0.03 ± 0.03a 0.13 ± 0.07a 0.12 + 0.01a 0.11 ± 0.01a 0.07 ± 0.07a 0.04 ± 0.03a 0.12a 0.11 ± 0.01a 0.12 ± 0.02a 0.10 ± 0.08a
Phe 0.20a 0.14 ± 0.08a 0.20 ± 0.15a 0.38 ± 0.25a 0.20 ± 0.02a 0.10 ± 0.05a 0.15 ± 0.08a 0.22 ± 0.15a 0.18 ± 0.01a 0.09 ± 0.06a 0.08 ± 0.01a 0.17 ± 0.12a
Trp 0.29 ± 0.02a 0.26 ± 0.07a 0.16 ± 0.08a 0.13 ± 0.07a 0.27 ± 0.01a 0.22 ± 0.03ab 0.16 ± 0.07ab 0.12 ± 0.04b 0.23 ± 0.01a 0.19 ± 0.01a 0.12 ± 0.06a 0.09 ± 0.08a
Leu 0.22 ± 0.01a 0.07 ± 0.05a 0.4 ± 0.05a 0.96 ± 0.87a 0.23 ± 0.01a 0.05 ± 0.06a 0.22 ± 0.28a 0.42 ± 0.49a 0.22 ± 0.01a 0.03 ± 0.01a 0.08 ± 0.09a 0.28 ± 0.33a
Orn 0.98 ± 0.06a 1.63 ± 1.98a 0.21 ± 0.03a 0.25 ± 0.01a 0.74a 1.01 ± 1.09a 0.71 ± 0.71a 0.35 ± 0.16a 0.84 + 0.01a 2.77 ± 0.01b 0.99 ± 0.94a 0.62 ± 0.53a
Lys 0.30 ± 0.10a 0.67 ± 0.04a 1.00 ± 0.5ab 1.49 ± 0.77b 0.28 ± 0.06a 0.50 ± 0.08a 0.98 ± 0.09b 1.47 ± 0.26c 0.35 ± 0.01a 0.57 ± 0.03ab 0.84 ± 0.16b 0.78 ± 0.23b

Means in a row and within a sample not sharing superscripts are significantly different (P < 0.05). n.d., not detected. Samples coded 100S, 90S, and 75S represent naturally fermented pastes, while samples coded 100SBS, 90SBS, and 75SBS represent lactic acid-fermented pastes. Pastes are designated according to 100%, 90%, and 75% soybean composition, the remaining proportions being maize.