Table 1.

Levels of patient involvement in health care consultations

Patient desired level	Patient determined	Co-determined (participation)	Professional determined
4	Autonomous decision-making		Informed decision making
3		Shared decision making	Professional-as-agent
2	Information giving	Dialogue	Consultation
1	Information seeking/receptive		Information giving
0	Non-involved		Exclusion

Adapted from 7. Reprinted from Social Science & Medicine, Vol. 64, AGH Thompson, ‘The meaning of patient involvement and participation in health care consultations: A taxonomy’, Pages 1297–1310, Copyright 2007, with permission from Elsevier.