Table 3.

Type of patient participation in medication reviews – quantitative studies

Reference	Type of communication and by whom	Information given by patient to professional	Consultation by professional	Evaluation of patient participation	Quality assessment
Leendertse et al. 33	Interview by pharmacist, follow-up of plan by GP and follow-up in time by pharmacist	Actual drug use DRPs that involved the patient (not further defined)	Follow-up evaluation of the advised pharmacotherapy changes as agreed with the patient in the pharmaceutical care plan	–	Moderate
Kilcup et al. 28	Telephone interview with pharmacist	Actual drug use Unexplained discrepancies Drug related problems	Opportunity to ask questions on: understanding of medication how medication intended to work common safety concerns how to take medication as intended	–	Moderate
Olsson et al. 39	Home visit by study nurse	Actual drug use Compliance	Written drug regimen was provided to enable patient participation	–	Weak
Akazawa et al. 17	Visit at pharmacy (brown bag method)	Actual drug use Reason for choosing OTCs Adherence Storage	Appropriate feedback Potential safety issues	>90% had ≥1 positive responses (ease concerns on interaction or ADE or duplications, get confirmation, better understanding, others) 45% had ≥1 negative responses (tiresome to bring, time, insufficient advice, others)	Moderate
Kwint et al. 30	Home-visit by community pharmacist	Actual drug use	Not described	–	Strong
Elliot et al. 19	Home-visit by clinical pharmacist or GP	Actual drug use	Not described	Pharmacist home visit is more feasible than by GP Satisfied patients with home-visit	Strong
Willoch et al. 50	Interview with standardized form during hospital stay and follow-up home visit by clinical pharmacist	Actual drug use Medication knowledge Adverse drug effects Efficacy Post-discharge effects	Targeted counselling talk on medications and medication changes by pharmacist	–	Moderate
Stewart et al. 47	Interview at care centre by (student-)pharmacist	Actual drug use	Not described	–	Weak
Swain 48	Interview at clinic by pharmacist	Actual drug use	Education and counselling on medication while ensuring safety and effectiveness	97% of patients was satisfied with consult Time: interview mean 38 min	Moderate
Lam 31	Web-cam enabled video-conferencing by pharmacist	Actual drug use Awareness of treatment goals Perception of disease control and health care needs Adherence (questionnaire)	Answering of questions Patient-centred education Medication and life style recommendations Instructions and confirmation of understanding	All respondents agreed or strongly agreed that answers to their questions were helpful and they had better medication knowledge. Time: interview 45–60 min	Moderate
Niquille et al. 38	Interview at the pharmacy by community pharmacist	Medication experiences Medication knowledge/skills Adherence Attitude towards prevention	Not described	–	Weak
Granas et al. 21	Interview at the pharmacy by community pharmacist	Actual drug use Compliance issues	Medication advice on paper form	98% of patients said they benefited from the review Time: median consultation 60 min	Moderate
Hernandez et al. 24	Interview in hospital with standardized service questionnaire by hospital pharmacist	Actual drug use Adherence Possible allergies Adverse drug effects	Printed: prescription, schedule, indications, (contra-) interactions, ADE Drugs and usage recommendations (knowledge of disease, treatment and ADE)	All respondents could ask (almost) all questions All respondents rated the treatment as (very) good Time: counselling mean 26 min	Moderate
Hugtenburg et al. 25	Counsel at home, in pharmacy or by phone by pharmacist	Actual drug use	Printed: daily medication intake scheme Counseling	40% of the patients mentioned a medication problem or raised questions	Moderate
Karapinar-Carkit et al. 27	Counselling at discharge by pharmaceutical consultants	Actual drug use Considering continuing need Practical problems Adverse drug effects Forgetting of medication	Education	–	Moderate
Pindolia et al. 41	Telephone contact by pharmacist and/or GP	Actual drug use Determine health goals Concerns about treatment	Explain the drug change(s) In-depth counselling on medications/health Follow-up instructions (laboratory, GP visit, drugs)	90% found the telephone discussion convenient and were provided with the necessary education Time: 2.5 h/patient, mainly by pharmacist	Strong
Moultry et al. 34	Home-visit by consultant pharmacist	Actual drug use Medical history (self-reported) Allergies Adverse effects	Drug information (verbally and written) Action plan Emergency medication kit and education	Almost all patients were satisfied or somewhat satisfied with the service All patient felt more knowledgeable after home visit Time: Home visit: 15–60 min	Moderate
MEDMAN 53	Consultation according to pharmacist-determined patient need	Actual drug use Compliance Lifestyle and social support	Not described	Not described	Weak
Nguyen et al. 37	Home visit 2 days after discharge by pharmacist	Actual drug use Medication knowledge	Education on medication knowledge	In 73/98 of identified DRPs the information given by the patient was new to the GP	Weak
Viktil et al. 49	Interview at hospital by pharmacist	Actual drug use Medication handling (adherence, knowledge, practical, efficacy)	Not described	Only 50% of intended interviews were conducted. Feasibility was difficult. Time: Interview mean 20.3 min (range 5–60 min)	Moderate
Sorensen et al. 46	Home visit by pharmacist and consult with GP	Actual drug use	Not described	–	Moderate
Griffiths et al. 22	Interview at unknown location by community nurse	Actual drug use Allergies Side effects	Educational support (Medilist) Compliance aid support.	–	Moderate
Naunton et al. 36	Home visit 5 days after discharge by pharmacist	Adherence Information to identify DRPs	Education (medications and compliance) Compliance devices, when needed	94% were satisfied with the home visit Time: visit median 50 min	Moderate
Gilbert et al. 20	Home visit by community pharmacist and follow-up by GP	Actual drug use Knowledge on medication Demonstration of administration devices	Dosing instructions Education Assisted with dose administration Informed choice is mentioned	In 31 cases the patient refused to follow-up the advice on which the GP and pharmacist agreed upon	Moderate
Zermansky et al. 51	Home visit community pharmacist and follow-up by GP	Actual drug use Confirm indications still valid Adherence Unadressed problems	Not described, however negotiation with the patient is mentioned in the methods	Time: mean 20 min for pharmacist	Strong
Jameson et al. 26	1. telephone questionnaire 2. Interview in GP office by GP 3. Counselling by GP	Actual drug use Understanding of medication	Explain drug changes Counselling or instructions on medication and lifestyle, when needed	70% of consult group patients said that they benefited from the consult Time: Face-to-face interviews: 45–60 min	Strong
Krska et al. 29	Home visit by pharmacist	Actual drug use Effectiveness	Not described	–	Moderate
Sellors et al. 44	Interview at GP office by pharmacist	Actual drug use Adherence (questionnaire)	Not described	–	Moderate
Grymonpre et al. 23	Home visit by trained staff or volunteers Patient counselling by physician	Actual drug use Daily routine Adherence Adverse drug events Allergies and intolerances Other possible DRPs	Counselling with written information with physician at practice or at home Follow-up with pharmacist at home to identify and resolve new issues.	–	Moderate
Schneider et al. 43	Home visit by community pharmacist	Actual drug use Medication knowledge Medication management and adherence (incl. hoarding) Adverse drug effects Practical problems	When needed, advice on medication and follow-up visit	From qualitative interviews several benefits were identified for patients, GPs and pharmacists due to the home visits Time: Home visit mean 56 min.	Moderate

ADE, adverse drug effects; DRPs, drug related problems; GP, general practitioner.