Table 2.
Incense use and cardiovascular mortality in the Singapore Chinese Health Study (1993–2011).a
| Exposure | Participants (n) | Person-years | CVD | CHD | Stroke | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Deaths | HR (95% CI) | Deaths | HR (95% CI) | Deaths | HR (95% CI) | |||
| Status of incense use | ||||||||
| Never use | 6,378 | 95,964 | 485 | 1.00 | 277 | 1.00 | 122 | 1.00 |
| Former use | 8,259 | 119,400 | 502 | 0.91 (0.80, 1.03) | 286 | 0.90 (0.76, 1.06) | 131 | 0.98 (0.77, 1.26) |
| Current use | 48,620 | 711,397 | 4,056 | 1.06 (0.96, 1.16) | 2,288 | 1.03 (0.91, 1.18) | 1,128 | 1.18 (0.97, 1.43) |
| p for trend | 0.03 | 0.21 | 0.03 | |||||
| Noncurrent use | 14,637 | 215,364 | 987 | 1.00 | 563 | 1.00 | 253 | 1.00 |
| Current use | 48,620 | 711,937 | 4,056 | 1.12 (1.04, 1.20) | 2,288 | 1.10 (1.00, 1.21) | 1,128 | 1.19 (1.03, 1.37) |
| Frequency and duration of incense use | ||||||||
| Noncurrent use | 14,637 | 215,364 | 987 | 1.00 | 563 | 1.00 | 253 | 1.00 |
| Current, less than daily use | 3,574 | 52,580 | 289 | 1.04 (0.91, 1.18) | 156 | 0.98 (0.82, 1.17) | 80 | 1.12 (0.87, 1.45) |
| Current, daily use for ≤ 20 years | 1,313 | 20,156 | 64 | 1.08 (0.83, 1.39) | 33 | 0.99 (0.70, 1.41) | 18 | 1.11 (0.69, 1.80) |
| Current, daily use for > 20 years | 43,733 | 638,660 | 3,703 | 1.12 (1.04, 1.21) | 2,099 | 1.11 (1.01, 1.23) | 1,030 | 1.20 (1.04, 1.38) |
| p for trend | 0.002 | 0.01 | 0.01 | |||||
| Current, daily use for 20–40 years | 5,867 | 91,508 | 403 | 1.11 (0.99, 1.25) | 226 | 1.08 (0.92, 1.27) | 114 | 1.22 (0.97, 1.54) |
| Current, daily use for > 40 years | 37,866 | 547,152 | 3,300 | 1.12 (1.04, 1.21) | 1,873 | 1.12 (1.01, 1.23) | 916 | 1.20 (1.04, 1.38) |
| aThe estimates were generated using Cox proportional hazards models, with adjustment for age at recruitment; year of recruitment (1993–1995, 1996–1998); gender; dialect (Hokkien, Cantonese); education (no formal education, primary school, ≥ secondary school); BMI (< 20.0, 20.0–23.9, 24.0–27.9, ≥ 28.0 kg/m2); alcohol consumption (none, monthly, weekly, daily); years of smoking (never, < 20 years, 20–39 years, ≥ 40 years); amount of smoking (never, ≤ 12, 13–22, 23–32, ≥ 33 cigarettes/day); years since quitting smoking (never, < 1 year, 1–4 years, 5–19 years, ≥ 20 years); moderate physical activity (< 0.5, 0.5–3.9, ≥ 4.0 hr/week); duration of sleep (hr/day); daily energy intake (kcal/day); dietary intake of vegetables, fruits, fiber, polyunsaturated fatty acids (grams/day, quartiles); and self-reported history of physician-diagnosed hypertension, diabetes, cancer, CHD, and stroke. | ||||||||