Table 3.

Association between pyrethroid exposure and parent-reported LD, ADHD, and both LD and ADHD.

Neurodevelopmental outcome	cOR (95% CI)	p	aORa (95% CI)	p	aORcreata (95% CI)	p
3-PBA (n = 1,680)
LD	1.24 (1.00, 1.55)	0.05	1.18 (0.92, 1.51)	0.19	1.11 (0.83, 1.48)	0.49
ADHD	1.26 (0.96, 1.65)	0.10	1.16 (0.85, 1.58)	0.35	1.06 (0.76, 1.48)	0.72
LD + ADHD	1.55 (1.04, 2.32)	0.03	1.45 (0.92, 2.27)	0.11	1.31 (0.82, 2.09)	0.26
cis-DCCA (n = 1,659)
LD	1.58 (0.97, 2.58)	0.07	1.43 (0.83, 2.48)	0.20	1.36 (0.76, 2.43)	0.31
ADHD	1.08 (0.71, 1.64)	0.72	1.00 (0.64, 1.57)	0.99	0.90 (0.56, 1.45)	0.68
LD + ADHD	1.30 (0.59, 2.84)	0.51	1.23 (0.56, 2.70)	0.61	1.08 (0.47, 2.46)	0.86
trans-DCCA (n = 1,669)
LD	1.54 (0.92, 2.60)	0.10	1.46 (0.85, 2.50)	0.17	1.36 (0.74, 2.49)	0.33
ADHD	1.46 (0.86, 2.48)	0.16	1.29 (0.72, 2.33)	0.40	1.15 (0.62, 2.13)	0.65
LD + ADHD	2.04 (0.97, 4.29)	0.06	1.84 (0.88, 3.84)	0.11	1.62 (0.74, 3.56)	0.23
Abbreviations: aOR, adjusted odds ratio; aORcreat, adjusted odds ratio including creatinine in the model; cOR, crude odds ratio. Model sample sizes were based on the number of children with complete information on exposure, outcome, and covariates. Thus, estimates provided (i.e., cOR, aOR, and aORcreat) are based on the same set of observations indicated for each metabolite. Pyrethroid exposure was modeled as follows: for 3-PBA we used log10-transformed concentrations; for cis- and trans-DCCA we used a dichotomous variable (detected vs. not detected) given their low detection frequencies. Number of children with LD, ADHD, and LD + ADHD and a detectable concentration of cis-DCCA were 88, 49, and 26, respectively. Number of children with LD, ADHD, and LD + ADHD and a detectable concentration of trans-DCCA were 81, 54, and 32, respectively. aModels were adjusted for sex, age, race/ethnicity, household reference education level, low birth weight status, maternal age at child’s birth, NICU admission, maternal smoking during pregnancy, day care/preschool attendance, and health insurance.