Figure 4.

The simulated distribution of estimates of θ and e(β) for both-sex models. (A) θ_{1_bs}; (B) θ_{2_bs}; (C) θ_{3_bs}; (D) θ_{4_bs}; (E) θ_{5_bs}; (F) θ_{6_bs}; (G) θ_{7_bs}; (H) e(β_bs); (I) e(β_bs)_nc; (J) R_{e_bs_nc}, the ratio e(β_bs)/e(β_bs)_nc; (K) e(β_bs)_nbs; (L) R_{e_bs_nbs}, the ratio e(β_bs)/e(β_bs)_nbs; (M) R_{e_bs_nbs.nc}, the ratio e(β_bs)_nbs/e(β_bs)_nc. Values <0 cannot exist except for θ_{4_bs} and θ_{7_bs}. Dashed lines show the position of the “best estimate.” Solid lines show the position of the average evolvability over random selection gradients (ē_bs); see Materials and Methods for details.