Table 3.
Pregnancy outcomes in 142 pregnant women with Type 2 diabetes according to excessive or non-excessive total gestational weight gain
| Excessive weight gain | Non-excessive weight gain | P | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Number of women (%) | 61 (43) | 81 (57) | |
| Pre-eclampsia, n (%) | 4 (6.6) | 2 (2.5) | 0.40 |
| Median (range) gestational age at delivery, days | 265 (206– 280) | 266 (184– 284) | 0.81 |
| Preterm delivery, n (%) | 8 (13) | 10 (12) | 0.89 |
| Emergency caesarean section, n (%) | 14 (23) | 9 (11) | 0.06 |
| Elective caesarean section, n (%) | 17 (28) | 24 (30) | 0.82 |
| Median (range) birth weight, g | 3,712 (1070– 4816) | 3258 (720– 4558) | 0.001 |
| Median (range) birth weight z-score, sd | 1.14 (-2.5– 4.7) | -0.01 (-3.5– 4.5) | 0.001 |
| Large for gestational age: >90th percentile, n (%) | 29 (48) | 16 (20) | < 0.001 |
| Small for gestational age: < 10th percentile, n (%) | 5 (8) | 11 (14) | 0.32 |
| Macrosomia: birth weight >4000 g, n (%) | 16 (26) | 2 (2.5) | < 0.001 |
| Median (range) length, cm | 52 (46– 57) | 50 (32– 56) | 0.262 |
| Median (range) ponderal index, kg/m3 | 25.9 (20.1– 32) | 25.2 (19.3– 32.4) | 0.071 |
| Composite perinatal morbidity, n (%) | 32 (53) | 29 (36) | 0.047 |
| Jaundice | 7 (12) | 9 (11) | 0.96 |
| Transient tachypnea of the Newborn |
7 (12) | 8 (10) | 0.71 |
| Neonatal hypoglycaemia | 21 (34) | 15 (19) | 0.03 |
| Perinatal mortality | 0 | 2 (3) | 0.51 |
Excessive (>16.0, >11.5 and >9.0 kg) and non-excessive (less than excessive) gestational weight gain for normal weight, overweight and obese women, were defined according to the Institute of Medicine recommendations.
Composite neonatal morbidity was defined as the occurrence of at least one of the following complications: jaundice, transient tachypnoea of the newborn, neonatal hypoglycaemia or perinatal mortality.