Table I.

Empirical Studies Assessing Predictors of Physical Activity in Childhood Cancer Survivors

Publication	Assessment Point	N, age	Cancer Diagnosis	Design/Methods	Theory	Primary Results
Child and Adolescent Participants
Heath et al., 2010	.5 – 6 y off tx	19, 6 – 15 y	ALL	Cross-sectional/Self-report, actigraph	None	Female gender associated with lower PA.
Keats et al., 2007	Mean time since dx = 2.6 y	59, 15 – 20 y	Mixed	Cross-sectional/Self-report	Theory of Planned Behavior	Lower PA associated with lower self-efficacy and intention. Lower intention to exercise associated with negative attitudes toward exercise.
Keats et al., 2009	0.5 – 13.6 y off tx	10, 14 – 18 y	Mixed	Longitudinal/Self-report	Theory of Planned Behavior	Lower PA associated with lower self-efficacy, perceived behavioral control, and intention to exercise.
Mayer et al., 2000	3.4 – 14.6 y off tx	39, 10 – 20 y	ALL	Cross-sectional/Self-report, physiological measures	None	Cranially-irradiated ALL survivors report lower PA compared to non-irradiated ALL survivors.
Norris et al., 2010	.92 – 10.6 y since dx	17, 10 – 17 y	Mixed	Cross-sectional/Self-report	None	Survivor PA levels associated with maternal PA levels. Survivor-sibling and survivor-father PA unassociated.
Tyc et al., 2001	1– 4 y off tx	46, 10 – 18 y	Mixed	Cross-sectional/Self-report	Cognitive-Motivational Theory	Lower physical activity associated with older age and lower SES.
Adolescent and Adult Participants
Arroyave et al., 2008	≥ 1 y off tx	118, 13 – 35 y	Mixed	Cross-sectional/Self-report	General health behavior theory	Common barriers to exercise included being too tired, too busy, and lack of equipment or gym memberships. Additional barriers for adolescents included poor weather, worries about injury, and inexperience with exercise.
Reeves et al., 2007	50% of sample ≤ 5 y off tx; 50% of sample > 5 y off tx.	28, 17 – 25 y	Mixed	Cross-sectional/Self-report	None	Diagnosis with Leukemia or CNS tumor associated with lower PA.
Adult Participants
Castellino et al., 2005		8.767, 18 – > 50 y	Mixed	Cross-sectional/self-report	None	Males more likely to be active.
Cox et al., 2009	≥ 5 y off tx	838, 18 – > 50 y	Mixed	Cross-sectional/Self-report, medical chart abstraction	Interaction Model of Client Health Behavior	Male and female survivors’ PA associated with motivation, anxiety, stamina, fatigue, pain, and baseline exercise frequency. Male PA also associated with age at diagnosis, health fears, education, affect, physician expertise, and discussion of future cancer risk. Female PA also associated with recency of visits to the physician and quality of interactions with the physician.
Finnegan et al., 2007	Mean time off tx = 11 y	117, 18 – 37 y	Mixed	Cross-sectional/Self-report	Interaction Model of Client Health Behavior	PA associated with male gender, autonomous motivation, PA cons, self-efficacy, and present and future worries.
Florin et al., 2007	16 – 34 y off tx	2,648, 18 – 44 y	ALL	Cross-sectional/Self-report	None	Female gender, minority status, and cranial irradiation associated with inactivity.
Ness et al., 2009	≥ 5 y off tx	9,301, 18 – > 50 y	Mixed	Cross-sectional/Self-report, medical chart abstraction	None	Inactivity associated with cranial irradiation, amputation, diagnosis, female gender, black race, older age, lower education, weight status, smoking, and depression.
Participants at All Ages
Demark-Wahnefried et al., 2005		209, 11– 33 y	Mixed	Cross-sectional/Self-report	None	Adolescents were more likely to exercise compared to adults. Leukemia and lymphoma survivors were more likely to meet PA guidelines compared to CNS survivors.

Dx, diagnosis; Tx, treatment; y, years; PA, physical activity; ALL, Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia; PA, physical activity; CNS, Central Nervous System; SES, socioeconomic status