Table 1. Characteristics of subjects by gender.
| Characteristics | Men N = 325 | Women N = 509 | P-value* |
| Age (years) | 79±8 | 81±8 | 0.006 |
| Body mass index† (kg/m2) | 21.2±3.5 | 21.5±3.8 | 0.280 |
| Smoking status‡, N | 148/14/23/140 | 502/1/1/5 | <0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 135±26 | 140±23 | 0.004 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 75±14 | 77±14 | 0.280 |
| Antihypertensive medication, N (%) | 152 (46.8) | 300 (58.9) | 0.001 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 73 (59–97) | 79 (62–109) | 0.036 |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 54±18 | 57±16 | 0.003 |
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 101±34 | 111±35 | <0.001 |
| Antidyslipidemic medication, N (%) | 16 (4.9) | 52 (10.2) | 0.006 |
| Fasting plasma glucose (mg/dL) | 119 (100–146) | 114 (99–142) | 0.332 |
| Antidiabetic medication, N (%) | 69 (21.2) | 76 (14.9) | 0.024 |
| eGFR § (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 66.3±21.5 | 60.8±19.1 | <0.001 |
| Alanine aminotransferase (IU/L) | 16 (11–22) | 14 (10–19) | 0.006 |
| Gamma-glutamyltransferase (IU/L) | 23 (16–34) | 16 (12–24) | <0.001 |
| Serum bilirubin (mg/dL) | 0.73 (0.54–1.03) | 0.68 (0.52–0.89) | 0.023 |
| Cardiovascular disease, N (%) | 151 (46.5) | 210 (41.3) | 0.152 |
| Ischemic stroke, N (%) | 136 (41.8) | 177 (34.8) | 0.040 |
| Ischemic heart disease, N (%) | 30 (9.2) | 52 (10.2) | 0.721 |
| Carotid intima-media thickness (mm) | 1.05±0.22 | 0.98±0.21 | <0.001 |
| Plaque, N (%) | 243 (74.8) | 356 (69.9) | 0.135 |
Data are means ± standard deviation. HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate. †Body mass index was calculated using weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters. ‡Smoking status: daily consumption (pack) × duration of smoking (year) {never, light (<20 pack ▪ year), moderate (20–39 pack ▪ year), heavy (≥40 pack ▪ year)}. §eGFR was estimated by the following equation: = 0.741×175×Cr−1.154× Age−0.203×0.742 (if female). Data for triglycerides, fasting plasma glucose, alanine aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyltransferase, and serum bilirubin were skewed and are presented as median (interquartile range) values, and were log-transformed for analysis. *Student's t-test was used for the continuous data and χ2 test for the categorical data.