Table 3. Characteristics of tuberculosis patients based on their diabetes status.
| Characteristic | Diabetes n (%) | No Diabetes n (%) | Unadjusted odds ratio (95%CI), p-value | Adjusted* odds ratio (95%CI), p-value |
| N | 126 (15.9) | 665 (84.1) | ||
| Place of birth | ||||
| Philippines | 36 (31.9) | 77 (68.1) | 3.05 (1.94–4.81), <.001 | 2.29 (1.41–3.72), <.001 |
| Other | 90 (13.3) | 588 (86.7) | ||
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 96 (18.9) | 413 (81.1) | 1.95 (1.26–3.03), 0.002 | 1.66 (1.02–2.68), 0.04 |
| Female | 30 (10.6) | 252 (89.4) | ||
| Age | ||||
| > 45 | 113 (23.2) | 375 (76.8) | 6.72 (3.71–12.2), <.001 | 5.78 (3.13–10.7), <.001 |
| ≤ 45 | 13 (4.3) | 290 (95.7) | ||
| HIV† status | ||||
| Positive | 3 (4.9) | 58 (95.1) | 0.25 (0.08–0.83), 0.02 | 0.36 (0.11–1.21), 0.10 |
| Negative | 87 (17) | 426 (83) | Referent | Referent |
| Unknown | 36 (16.6) | 181 (83.4) | 0.97 (0.64–1.49), 0.90 | 0.98 (0.61–1.56), 0.92 |
| Sputum smear status | ||||
| Sputum smear positive | 51 (21.0) | 192 (79.0) | 1.51 (1.01–2.27), 0.04 | 1.26 (0.79–2.02), 0.33 |
| Sputum smear negative | 67 (14.9) | 382 (85.1) | Referent | Referent |
| No sputum or solely extrapulmonary | 8 (8.1) | 91 (91.9) | 0.50 (0.23–1.08), 0.08 | 0.48 (0.20–1.11), 0.09 |
| Cavities | ||||
| Pulmonary cavitary TB | 23 (21.5) | 84 (78.5) | 1.50 (0.89–2.52), 0.13 | 1.53 (0.84–2.77), 0.16 |
| Non cavitary | 78 (15.5) | 426 (84.5) | Referent | Referent |
| Solely extrapulmonary TB | 25 (13.9) | 155 (86.1) | 0.88 (0.54–1.43), 0.61 | 1.36 (0.75–2.45), 0.31 |
| Lineage‡ | ||||
| Indo Oceanic | 33 (26.6) | 91 (73.4) | Referent | |
| East Asian | 28 (16.8) | 139 (83.2) | 0.56 (0.31–0.98), 0.04 | |
| Euro American | 31 (13.6) | 197 (86.4) | 0.43 (0.25–0.75), 0.002 | |
| Lineage specific‡ | ||||
| Indo Oceanic lineage | 33 (26.6) | 91 (73.4) | 2.07 (1.27–3.35), 0.003 | |
| Non-Indo Oceanic lineage | 59 (14.9) | 336 (85.1) | ||
| Philippine-born | ||||
| Indo Oceanic | 22 (31.4) | 48 (68.6) | Incalculable | |
| East Asian | 0 (0) | 2 (100) | ||
| Euro American | 0 (0) | 3 (100) | ||
| Non-Philippine-born‡ | ||||
| Indo Oceanic | 11 (20.4) | 43 (79.6) | Referent | |
| East Asian | 28 (17) | 137 (83) | 0.80 (0.37–1.74), 0.57 | |
| Euro American | 31 (13.8) | 194 (86.2) | 0.62 (0.29–1.34), 0.23 | |
| Any isoniazid resistance | ||||
| Isoniazid resistant | 12 (18.2) | 54 (81.8) | 1.07 (0.55–2.07), 0.85 | |
| Isoniazid susceptible | 93 (17.3) | 446 (82.8) | ||
| Multi-drug resistance | ||||
| Multi-drug resistant | 0 (0) | 8 (100) | Incalculable | |
| Non-multi drug resistant | 105 (17.6) | 492 (82.4) |
*Adjusted for: sex, age>45 years, HIV status, birth in the Philippines, AFB smear status, and cavitary/pulmonary TB.
†
HIV = Human immunodeficiency virus.
‡
Eight patients had East African Indian lineage, and 1 had West African-1; none of these had diabetes.