Table. Selected factors associated with positivity for IgG against Puumala virus, the Netherlands, December 2008–December 2013*.
| Factor | No. persons IFA positive/no. tested (%) |
Single variable
|
Multivariable
|
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| aOR (95% CI)† | p value | aOR (95% CI)‡ | p value | |||
| Sex | ||||||
| M | 9/1,368 (0.66) | Reference | Reference | NA | ||
| F |
18/1,565 (1.15) |
1.79 (0.89–3.57) |
0.10 |
|
1.87 (0.97–3.61) |
0.06 |
| Age, y | ||||||
| 0–15 | 7/824 (0.84) | Reference | Reference | NA | ||
| 16–40 | 7/822 (0.85) | 1.03 (0.36–2.93) | 0.96 | 1.0 (0.33–3.07) | 0.99 | |
| 41–60 | 5/585 (0.85) | 0.91 (0.26–3.19) | 0.88 | 0.86 (0.22–3.32) | 0.82 | |
| >60 |
8/702 (1.14) |
1.32 (0.48–3.62) |
0.59 |
|
1.69 (0.51–5.56) |
0.39 |
| Owning ≥1 dog | ||||||
| No | 12/2147 (0.56) | Reference | Reference | NA | ||
| Yes |
15/786 (1.53) |
4.51 (1.81–11.30) |
0.001 |
|
3.49 (1.50–8.14) |
0.004 |
| Owning any livestock§ | ||||||
| No | 19/2,706 (0.70) | Reference | Reference | NA | ||
| Yes |
8/227 (3.52) |
6.97 (2.45–19.82) |
<0.001 |
|
4.79 (1.69–13.57) |
0.003 |
| Net monthly income, Euros | ||||||
| <1,150 | 11/426 (2.58) | Reference | NA | NA | ||
| 1,151–3,050 | 9/1,539 (5.84) | 0.27 (0.05–1.47) | 0.13 | NA | NA | |
| >3,501 |
1/242 (0.41) |
0.21 (0.03–1.79) |
0.15 |
|
NA |
NA |
| Occupational exposure to any animal | ||||||
| No | 25/2794 (0.89) | Reference | NA | NA | ||
| Yes | 2/139 (1.43) | 1.72 (0.25–11.77) | 0.58 | NA | NA | |
*IFA, indirect immunofluorescence assay; aOR, adjusted odds ratio; NA, not applicable. The municipality-level random effect was significant (p = 0.001, by log-likelihood ratio test). †Adjusted for age, sex, and clustering at municipality level (random effect). ‡Adjusted for age, sex, clustering at municipality level (random effect), and the other covariates included in the multivariable model. §Cattle, pigs, sheep, goats, poultry, and other livestock.