Table 1.

Summary of physiological comparisons relevant to the dry-season persistence of the members of Anopheles gambiae s.l. complex.

Diapause trait	Appearance in An. gambiae s.l. complex	Field/Laboratory	Agreea	Reference
Longevity extension	>7 months in the dry season in Sudan - An. arabiensis	Field: insectary	Yes	Omer and Cloudsley-Thompson, 1968
	∼7 months in the dry season in Mali - An. coluzzii	Field: mark recatpure	Yes	Lehmann et al., 2010
Reproductive arrest	Gonotrophic dissociation -An. arabiensis	Field	Yes	Omer and Cloudsley-Thompson, 1970
	∼70% reduction in female reproductive output - An. coluzzii	Field	Yes	Yaro et al., 2012
	Continued male presence and swarming -An. coluzzii	Field	No	Yaro et al., 2012
Suppression of activity	Suppression of flight - An. coluzzii	Field	Yes	Huestis et al., 2012
Metabolic suppression	Elevated in the late dry season - An. coluzzii	Field	No	Huestis et al., 2012
Photoperiod induction	∼1.6-fold extension of life in fresh laboratory colony - An. coluzzii	Laboratory	Partly	Huestis et al., in prep
	∼1.7-fold extension of life of wild mosquitoes in field insectary	Field: insectary	Partly	Kassogue et al., unpublished
Stress tolerance: desiccation	∼1.3-fold higher in An. coluzzii vs. An. gambiae	Laboratory (F1s)	No	Lee et al., 2009
	∼1.3-fold higher in <24 hr-old 2 La vs. 2La+ homozygotes	Laboratory	No	Fouet et al., 2012; Gray et al., 2009
	∼1.5-fold higher in dry-season vs. wet-season An. coluzzii	Field	Partly	Dao et al., unpublished
Stress tolerance: high temperature	∼1.8-fold increase in An. arabiensis vs. An. gambiae	Laboratory	Yes	Kirby and Lindsay, 2004
	No difference in larvae and pupae of 2La vs. 2La+ homozygotes	Laboratory	No	Rocca et al., 2009
	No increased tolerance to high temperature - An. coluzzii.	Field	No	Dao et al., unpublished
Cuticular hydrocarbons	28% increase in G3 females (virgin only) under short photoperiod	Laboratory	No	Wagoner et al., 2014
	5-fold increase in dry-season vs. wet-season An. coluzzii in Mali	Field	Yes	Huestis et al., in prep

^aIndicates overall agreement with aestivation predictions in direction, biological magnitude (arbitrarily defined as ≥1.5-fold), and statistical significance. “Partly” refers tocases where the effect's direction and statistical significance were in agreement with aestivation, but the magnitude of the effect was below this expectation.