Table 2.
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) and 5‐hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT) markers in the occipital lobe of the cerebral hemisphere in the fetal baboon model of prenatal nicotine exposure
| Measure | Control mean of means ± SEM (range) (n = 5) | Nicotine‐exposed mean of means ± SEM (range) (n = 5) | FDR‐corrected P‐value |
|---|---|---|---|
| α2–4, β2 or β4 nAChR Binding (fmol/mg) | |||
| Primary visual cortex (BA 17): total | 7.26 ± 1.22 (4.0, 10.8) | 13.81 ± 0.94 (11.3, 16.1) | 0.04* |
| Associate visual cortex (BA 18): total | 7.99 ± 1.25 (4.3, 12.1) | 15.01 ± 1.14 (11.2, 17.6) | 0.04* |
| Associate visual cortex (BA 19): total | 6.09 ± 1.83 (2.3, 10.7) | 11.72 ± 2.32 (4.5, 17.9) | 0.28 |
| α7 nAChR binding (fmol/mg) | |||
| Primary visual cortex (BA 17): total | 1.85 ± 0.43 (0.4, 2.8) | 2.66 ± 0.84 (0, 4.5) | 0.50 |
| Associate visual cortex (BA 18): total | 1.99 ± 0.70 (0, 4.0) | 3.19 ± 0.90 (0.8, 5.6) | 0.43 |
| Associate visual cortex (BA 19): total | 2.23 ± 0.65 (0.3, 3.8) | 3.55 ± 0.78 (1.6, 5.9) | 0.40 |
| 5‐HT1A receptor binding (fmol/mg) | |||
| Primary visual cortex (BA 17): total | 43.38 ± 8.60 (11.6, 59.6) | 39.94 ± 4.72 (28.5, 49.8) | 0.73 |
| BA 17 layers I–II | 30.07 ± 4.24 (16.1, 40.0) | 30.31 ± 9.43 (0.6, 55.0) | 0.99 |
| BA 17 layer III | 50.11 ± 5.16 (33.2, 61.7) | 46.93 ± 8.39 (15.3, 60.1) | 0.99† |
| BA 17 layer IV | 29.71 ± 3.02 (21.3, 36.4) | 34.73 ± 6.26 (10.5, 45.7) | 0.99 |
| BA 17 layer V | 48.08 ± 5.64 (33.5, 60.2) | 55.36 ± 8.89 (25.2, 73.4) | 0.99 |
| BA 17 layer VI | 82.06 ± 9.55 (55.8, 105.8) | 88.50 ± 12.99 (44.6, 112.2) | 0.99 |
| Associate visual cortex (BA 18): total | 13.23 ± 2.78 (3.8, 20.4) | 10.30 ± 3.19 (5.7, 22.7) | 0.60 |
| BA 18 layers I–II | 12.43 ± 2.15 (5.0, 17.5) | 11.92 ± 2.35 (3.6, 17.3) | 0.99 |
| BA 18 layers III–IV | 7.63 ± 1.41 (3.4, 11.7) | 8.79 ± 1.60 (3.0, 12.2) | 0.99 |
| BA 18 layers V–IV | 17.11 ± 2.23 (11.5, 21.8) | 18.22 ± 2.95 (8.0, 25.2) | 0.99 |
| Associate visual cortex (BA 19): total | 37.15 ± 8.44 (13.1, 50.4) | 32.31 ± 4.32 (19.8, 41.9) | 0.65 |
| BA 19 layers I–II | 22.69 ± 3.18 (13.2, 26.9) | 22.04 ± 6.03 (5.0, 30.8) | 0.99 |
| BA 19 layer III | 36.69 ± 4.11 (25.3, 44.7) | 38.19 ± 8.86 (12.4, 51.4) | 0.99 |
| BA 19 layer IV | 22.60 ± 3.19 (14.0, 29.3) | 22.13 ± 5.56 (5.6, 28.8) | 0.99† |
| BA 19 layer V | 41.29 ± 4.89 (28.6, 49.4) | 46.19 ± 8.94 (20.3, 58.4) | 0.99 |
| BA 19 layer VI | 86.88 ± 6.04 (69.0, 94.5) | 82.38 ± 17.68 (34.6, 117.4) | 0.99 |
| 5‐HT2A receptor binding (fmol/mg) | |||
| Primary visual cortex (BA 17): total | 0.92 ± 0.12 (0.6, 1.2) | 1.43 ± 0.20 (1.0, 2.0) | 0.24 |
| BA 17 layers I–III | 0.75 ± 0.14 (0.5, 1.2) | 1.42 ± 0.23 (1.0, 2.2) | 0.46 |
| BA 17 layers IV–VI | 0.90 ± 0.10 (0.7, 1.3) | 1.51 ± 0.20 (1.1, 2.2) | 0.46 |
| Associate visual cortex (BA 18): total | 0.70 ± 0.13 (0.4,1.2) | 1.22 ± 0.22 (0.7, 1.9) | 0.25 |
| B18 layers I–III | 0.78 ± 0.18 (0.4, 1.4) | 1.28 ± 0.17 (0.9, 1.8) | 0.46 |
| B18 layers IV–VI | 0.71 ± 0.10 (0.6, 1.1) | 1.08 ± 0.15 (0.8, 1.5) | 0.46 |
| Associate visual cortex (BA 19): total | 0.48 ± 0.04 (0.4, 0.6) | 0.88 ± 0.22 (0.3, 1.4) | 0.42† |
| BA 19 layers I–III | 0.48 ± 0.06 (0.4, 0.7) | 0.98 ± 0.26 (0.3, 1.5) | 0.99† |
| BA 19 layers IV–VI | 0.60 ± 0.07 (0.4, 0.8) | 0.97 ± 0.23 (0.3, 1.5) | 0.62 |
| 5‐HTT (fmol/mg) | |||
| Primary visual cortex (BA 17): total | 3.36 ± 0.68 (1.4, 5.2) | 4.31 ± 0.33 (3.8, 5.5) | 0.40 |
| B17 layers I–IV | 3.02 ± 0.72 (0.9, 5.2) | 3.99 ± 0.32 (3.4, 5.2) | 0.72 |
| B17 layers V–IV | 4.16 ± 0.75 (2.4, 6.3) | 5.56 ± 0.40 (4.7, 6.8) | 0.54 |
| Associate visual cortex (BA 18): total | 2.23 ± 0.41 (1.1, 3.0) | 3.38 ± 0.18 (2.9, 3.8) | 0.21 |
| Associate visual cortex (BA 19): total | 2.13 ± 0.39 (1.1, 2.9) | 3.02 ± 0.28 (2.2, 3.6) | 0.28 |
| BA 19 layers I–IV | 2.43 ± 0.55 (1.2, 4.2) | 3.29 ± 0.66 (1.6, 4.5) | 0.87 |
| BA 19 layers V–IV | 3.30 ± 0.48 (1.7, 4.5) | 4.67 ± 0.54 (3.1, 5.3) | 0.46 |
*P < 0.05 is considered significant.
† Wilcoxon rank–sum used instead of t‐test (see Materials and Methods).
BA = Brodmann area; FDR = false discovery rate; SEM = standard error of the mean.
Note: Laminar data presented where binding could be determined.