Table 1.

The role of inflammation in response to C. difficile toxins or infection depends on the type of challenge. Many studies using intoxication as a model (light gray boxes) report that inflammatory pathways are deleterious. However, infection based models (dark gray boxes) have found that certain inflammatory pathways are necessary for survival, with the exception of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-23. Thus, the role of inflammation during CDI is likely to be multifaceted and complex.

Challenge	Model	Result	Reference
TcdA/B	ASC-/- Mice Anakinra (IL-1Ra) Mice	Decrease in disease severity	Ng, 2010
TcdA	MIP-2 Neutralized Rat	Decrease in disease severity	Castagliuolo, 1998
TcdA	CCR1-/- Mice MIP1α -/- Mice	Decrease in disease severity	Morteau, 2002
TcdA	Anti-CD18 mAB (neutrophil depletion) Rabbit	Decrease in disease severity	Kelly, 1994
TcdA	IFN-γ -/- Mice IFN-γ Neutralized Mice	Decrease in disease severity	Ishida, 2004
TcdA	Mast Cell Deficient Mice	Decrease in disease severity	Wershil, 1998
TcdA	Ob/ob (Leptin Deficient) Mice	Decrease in disease severity	Mykoniatis, 2003
VPI 10463	Nod1-/- Mice	Decreased survival	Hasegawa, 2011
VPI 10463	ASC-/- Mice	Decreased survival	Hasegawa, 2012
VPI 10463	MyD88-/- Mice Neutrophil depleted Mice	Decreased survival	Jarchum, 2012
R13537	TLR4-/- Mice	Decreased survival	Ryan, 2011
VPI 10463	IL-23p19-/- Mice	Increased survival	Buonomo, 2013