Table 1.
Patient characteristics
| Control | SIRS | Sepsis | Severe sepsis | Septic shock | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number | 40 | 80 | 180 | 90 | 90 | |
| Age, years | 68 (65 to 74) | 70 (58 to 76) | 71 (59 to 78) | 73 (60 to 78) | 73 (65 to 78) | 0.101 |
| Male | 57.0% | 53.8% | 61.2% | 62.9% | 58.1% | 0.487 |
| White blood cells, ×109/L | 6.8 (4.6 to 7.9) | 9.5 (7.0 to 11.3) | 13.5 (11.2 to 15.3) | 14.1 (11.3 to 18.5) | 16.6 (13.3 to 22.4) | 0.002 |
| Neu, ×109/L | 4.7 (3.0 to 6.2) | 7.9 (5.3 to 9.4) | 10.15 (8.8 to 12.1) | 12.9 (9.2 to 15.6) | 13.9 (11.4 to 18.9) | 0.003 |
| Procalcitonin, ng/mL | 0.13 (0.06 to 0.31) | 0.38 (0.48 to 1.19) | 1.53 (1.23 to 4.45) | 5.76 (2.45 to 9.43) | 8.86 (0.88 to 38.96) | <0.001 |
| MEDS score | 0 | 4.28 (2.24 to 6.34) | 6.7 (5.34 to 8.23) | 18.17 (15.1 to 21.3) | 24.28 (22.89 to 26.12) | <0.001 |
| NGAL, g/mL | 197.8 (178.5 to 208.8) | 224.7 (200.3 to 243.5) | 239.1 (223.6 to 256.8) | 251.0 (233.4 to 262.2) | 264.4 (242.8 to 282.4) | 0.002 |
| MMP-9, ng/mL | 60.4 (51.9 to 73.4) | 74.9 (62.1 to 82.4) | 83.7 (66.5 to 97.7) | 96.9 (76.5 to 116.8) | 83.6 (62.0 to 96.6) | 0.093 |
| TIMP-1, ng/mL | 228.2 (205.4 to 242.3) | 247.4 (230.5 to 265.4) | 262.6 (240.6 to 282.7) | 279.3 (243.4 to 296.1) | 321.8 (287.4 to 346.4) | 0.001 |
| MMP-9/TIMP-1 | 0.27 (0.20 to 0.33) | 0.30 (0.24 to 0.35) | 0.32 (0.26 to 0.38) | 0.35 (0.25 to 0.45) | 0.26 (0.17 to 0.35) | 0.128 |
| Blood urea nitrogen, mmol/L | 5.68 (3.88 to 7.89) | 6.04 (3.92 to 8.04) | 9.48 (7.80 to 11.56) | 11.27 (9.92 to 14.04) | 12.56 (10.84 to 15.12) | 0.079 |
| Serum creatinine, mg/dL | 0.68 (0.43 to 0.82) | 0.73 (0.52 to 0.97) | 1.56 (.0.83 to 1.89) | 2.45 (0.98 to 5.20) | 2.63 (0.87 to 6.16) | 0.063 |
| 28-day mortality, n (%) | 11 (13.8%) | 31 (17.3%) | 38 (42.2%) | 57 (63.0%) | <0.001 | |
| Mortality in ED, n (%) | 0 | 1 (0.6%) | 6 (6.7%) | 14 (15.6%) | <0.001 | |
| Mechanical ventilation | 0 | 0 | 35 (38.9%) | 68 (75.6%) | <0.001 | |
| in ED, n (%) | ||||||
| Main diagnosis n (%) | ||||||
| Pneumonia | 62 (77.5%) | 132 (73.3%) | 61 (67.8%) | 70 (77.8%) | 0.481 | |
| IAI | 8 (10.0%) | 28 (15.6%) | 16 (17.8%) | 14 (15.6%) | 0.665 | |
| USI | 5 (6.25%) | 7 (3.89%) | 7 (7.78%) | 2 (2.22%) | 0.723 | |
| CNSI | 3 (3.75%) | 8 (4.44%) | 5 (5.56%) | 4 (4.44%) | 0.558 | |
| SSTI | 0 | 4 (2.22%) | 1 (1.11%) | 0 | ||
| DKA | 2 (2.50%) | 1 (0.56%) | 0 | 0 |
The values are expressed as median (IQR, observations available) or number (percentage). MEDS, mortality in emergency department sepsis; NGAL, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin; SIRS, systemic inflammatory response syndrome; MMP-9, matrix metalloproteinase-9; TIMP-1, tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-1; ED, emergency department; IAI, intra-abdominal infection; USI, urinary system infection; CNSI, central nervous system infection; SSTI, skin/soft tissue infection; DKA, diabetic ketoacidosis.