Table 2.
General overview of MDSC targeting agents.
| Targeting strategy | Mechanims of action | Example(s) | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| MDSC deactivation | Phosphodiesterase (PDE5) inhibitors | Tadalafil Sildenafil | (74–76) |
| NO inhibitors | l-NAME | (10, 12, 77) | |
| Nitroaspirin | |||
| COX2 inhibitors | Celecoxib | (78) | |
| Arginase inhibitors | NOHA | (10, 12) | |
| l-NAME | |||
| ROS inhibitors | Synthetic triterpenoids (e.g., Bardoxolone methyl) | (79) | |
| IDO inhibitors | d,l-1-methyl-tryptophan | (80) | |
| MDSC depletion | Cytotoxic agents | 5-Fluorouracil Gemcitabine | (81) |
| HSP90 inhibitors | 17-DMAG | (82) | |
| Peptibodies | Peptide-Fc fusion proteins | (83) | |
| Induction of MDSC differentiation | Vitamins | ATRA Vitamin A Vitamin D3 Vitamin E | (69, 84–86) |
| Antibodies | GR1 antibodies | (87, 88) | |
| Block in MDSC development | N-Bisphophonates | Zoledronic acid | (21) |
| Multi-kinase inhibitors | Sunitinib Sorafenib | (89, 90) | |
| JAK2/STAT3 inhibitors | Cucurbitacin B JSI-124 | (91, 92) | |
| Blocking antibodies | Anti IL-17 antibodies Anti-glycan antibodies | (93–95) | |
| Quinoline-3-carboxamide derivative | Tasquinimod | (64, 96) |
NO, nitric oxide; COX2, cyclooxygenase-2; NOHA, N-hydroxy-l-Arginine; L-NAME, N(G)-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester; ROS, reactive oxygen species; IDO, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase; HSP90, heat shock protein 90; 17-DMAG, 17-dimethylaminoethylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin; ATRA, all-transretinoic acid.