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. 2014 Dec 8;4:7355. doi: 10.1038/srep07355

Figure 3. Xanthohumol suppresses E2-dependent cell growth independently of apoptosis induction and VCP function.

Figure 3

(a) Flow cytometric analyses were performed to evaluate the effect of XN treatment on the cell cycle. MCF-7 cells were treated for 24 h with E2 and/or XN or ERAP. (b) Representative cell morphologies of MCF-7 or MCF-10A cell following XN treatment are shown. (c) Expression patterns of VCP, BIG3, and PHB2 in breast cancer and normal epithelial cell lines. Colorectal cancer cell lines (HCT116 and SW480) and an epidermoid carcinoma cell line (A431) were used as positive controls for VCP expression. β-Actin served as a quantitative internal control. The blots were cropped, and the full-length blots were included in the supplementary information. (d) The CHOP and GRP78 expression levels following XN treatment were evaluated using real-time PCR. The data represent the mean ± SE of three independent experiments (* P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001 in two-sided Student's t-test). (e) An MTT assay was performed to evaluate the inhibitory effect of XN on the E2-dependent growth of VCP-depleted cells. The data represent the mean ± SE of three independent experiments (** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001 in two-sided Student's t-test).