Table 2.
Study characteristics of all studies included in the meta-analysis
| Study | Country | Sex (age in years) | SES Assessmenta | SES indicator (Number of levels) | Mortality assessmentb | Version of ICD | N | N all-cause (alc.-attrib.)c | Qualityd |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Valkonen (1993)36 | Finland | F, M (35-64) | 1970, 1975, 1980 | Occupation (4) | 1971–75, 1976–80, 1981–85 | Not specified | 1 567 000e | 147 808 (11 000e) | (+) |
| Koskinen (1994)37 | Finland | F, M (35-64) | 1980 | Education (3) | 1981–85 | Not specified | 1 622 000e | 52 533 (2488) | (+) |
| Mäkelä (1997)38 | Finland | F, M (20+) | 1985, 1990 | Occupation (3) | 1987–90, 1991–93 | ICD-9 | 3 249 000e | 276 730 (20 835) | (+) |
| Shkolnikov (1998)23 | Russia | F, M (20-69) | 1989 | Education (2) | 1989 | ICD-8, ICD-9 | 89 436 000e | 503 824 (9210) | (−) |
| Martikainen (2001)21 | Finland | F, M (30-90) | 1990 | Income (10) | 1991–96 | ICD-9 | 2 709 000e | 260 941 (6556) | (+) |
| Hemström (2002)39 | Sweden | F, M (20-64) | 1980, 1990 | Occupation (3) | 1990–95 | ICD-9 | 1 480 000e | 192 117 (9547) | (+) |
| Kivimäki (2003)40 | Finland | F, M (18-36) | 1990–00 | Employment status (4) | 1990–2001 | ICD-9, ICD-10 | 92 351 | 1332 (414) | (−) |
| Leinsalu (2003)35 | Estonia | F, M (20-70) | 1989, 2000 | Education (3) | 1987–90; 1999–2000 | ICD-9, ICD-10 | 2 097 607 | 107 480 (3500e) | (−) |
| Voss (2004)41 | Sweden | F, M (15-47) | 1973 | Employment status (2) | 1973–83 | ICD-8, ICD-9 | 20 632 | 1191 (50) | (−) |
| Kivimäki (2007)42 | Finland | F, M (19-64) | 1994–2000 | Education (2), Occupation (3) | 1994–2000 | ICD-9, ICD-10 | 65 405 | 626 (179) | (−) |
| Mackenbach (2008)27 | Finland | F, M (30-74) | 1990 | Education (3) | 1990–2000 | ICD-9, ICD-10 | 2 587 000e | 269 781 (14 100e) | (+) |
| Norway | F, M (30-74) | 1990 | Education (3) | 1990–2000 | ICD-9, ICD-10 | 1 995 500e | 213 022 (10 800e) | (+) | |
| Belgium | F, M (30-74) | 1991 | Education (3) | 1991–95 | ICD-9, ICD-10 | 5 524 500e | 283 349 (13 500e) | (+) | |
| Italy (Turin) | F, M (30-74) | 1991 | Education (3) | 1991–2001 | ICD-9, ICD-10 | 487 000e | 50 621 (2600e) | (+) | |
| Sweden | F, M (30-74) | 1991 | Education (3) | 1991–2000 | ICD-9, ICD-10 | 4 583 000e | 404 151 (23 700e) | (+) | |
| Spain (Barcelona) | F, M (30-74) | 1992 | Education (3) | 1992–2001 | ICD-9, ICD-10 | 858 000e | 77 101 (4400e) | (+) | |
| Denmark | F, M (30-74) | 1996 | Education (3) | 1996–2000 | ICD-9, ICD-10 | 3 094 500e | 136 065 (7600e) | (+) | |
| Spain (Basque country) | F, M (30-74) | 1996 | Education (3) | 1996–97 | ICD-9, ICD-10 | 3 663 300e | 22 585e (2000e) | (+) | |
| Spain (Madrid) | F, M (30-74) | 1996 | Education (3) | 1996–2001 | ICD-9, ICD-10 | 1 108 800e | 41 704 (3300e) | (+) | |
| Zagozdzon (2009)43 | Poland (Gdansk) | F, M (20-64) | 1999 | Employment status (2) | 1999–2004 | ICD-10 | 367 848 | 8521 (1500e) | (−) |
| Faeh (2010)44 | Switzerland | F, M (30-69) | 1992/1993 | Education (3) | 1990–2000 | ICD-8, ICD-10 | 3 450 120 | 261 314 (16 156) | (−) |
| Pridemore (2010)45 | Russia (Izhevst) | M (25-54) | 2002 | Education (6) | 2003–05 | ICD-10 | 3149 | 1559 (100) | (−) |
| Tjepkema (2012)22 | Canada | F, M (25-80) | 1991 | Education (4) | 1991–2006 | ICD-9, ICD10 | 2 734 800 | 426 979 (4117) | (+) |
F=Female; M=Male.
aAll data are based on census or register data except of Pridemore et al.45 who performed proxy interviews and Kivimäki et al.42 who also included survey data.
bAll data are based on some sort of death register except Pridemore et al.45 who performed proxy interviews.
cNumber of deaths from all causes (number of alcohol-attributable deaths).
d(+), all quality criteria are met; (−), at least one quality criterion is not met.
eEstimated value as described in study protocol (Supplementary Text S1, available as Supplementary data at IJE online).