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. 2014 Nov 24;12:112. doi: 10.1186/1477-7827-12-112

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© Agarwal et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2014

This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Potential sources of oxidative stress in vitro in a typical clinical ART setting. In a typical ART setting, the potential sources of oxidative stress in vitro include endogenous and exogenous (external/environmental factors). The gametes and pre-implantation embryo have the potential to generate ROS (endogenous sources). Exogenous factors such as visible light; centrifugation, cryopreservation (freeze/thawing), culture media; oxygen concentration, pH and temperature; and the in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer technique/process itself contributes to ROS production during ART.