Table 3.
Demographic Characteristics, IQ, Academic Performance, and Social Indicators
| Characteristic | None (n = 355) | Violence Only (n = 59) | CAN--> Violence (n = 96) | CAN--> PTSD --> Violence (n = 25) | CAN-> Violence -> PTSD (n = 16) | Overall p Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex (percent female) | 49.3a | 3.4c | 19.8b | 36.0a,b, d | 25.0a,b, d | *** |
| Race/ethnicity (percent White, non- Hispanic) | 66.2a | 42.4 | 36.5 | 36.0 | 56.2 | *** |
| Age at abuse/neglect petition (years) | NA | NA | 6.6 | 6.8 | 7.6 | |
| IQ (standardized score) | 95.1c | 89.9b,c | 84.3a,b | 79.7a | 85.1a,b | *** |
| Reading ability (raw score) | 56.2a | 45.8b | 41.4b | 42.0b | 36.1b | *** |
| Reading ability (percent deficient or borderline) | 34.6a | 62.1b | 72.9b,c | 72.0b,c | 93.3c | *** |
| Highest grade of school completed | 12.4b | 11.4a,b | 10.8a | 10.5a | 10.3a | *** |
| High-school graduate (percent) | 73.5 | 52.5 | 38.5 | 40.0 | 43.8 | |
| Currently married, mean age = 29.2 years (percent) | 52.1a | 33.9b | 21.9b,c | 12.0c | 18.8b,c | *** |
| Currently married, mean age = 39.5 years (percent) | 57.0a | 36.4b | 19.7b | 13.6b | 7.7b | *** |
| Employed, mean age, 29.2 years (percent) | 78.3a | 69.5a | 41.7b | 28.0b,c | 12.5c | *** |
| Regularly employed, mean age = 39.5 years (percent) | 84.1a | 72.7a,b | 44.3b | 40.9b | 46.2b | *** |
| Homeless, mean age = 29.2 years (percent) | 7.9a | 18.6b | 26.3b,c | 52.0d | 43.8c,d | *** |
NOTES: n = number in subsample. The none group contains individuals with no history of CAN, PTSD, or an arrest for violence. The letters (a, b, c) reflect differences or lack of differences in pairwise comparisons. When two groups have different letters, they are significantly different from one another on that characteristic at p < .05.
***
p < .001.