Table 5.

Prospective cohort studies of post-diagnosis physical activity and survival outcomes in colorectal cancer patients

First author (year), name of cohort, country	Study participants	Median Years of Follow-up	Relative risk/Hazard Ratio (95% Confidence Interval)		Adjustment factors
Meyerhardt (2006),15 Nurses’ Health Study, USA	554 Female, Colon and Rectal	9.6 years	CRC specific mortality		Age of diagnosis, stage, tumor differentiation, year of diagnosis, time between study entry to questionnaire, BMI, smoking, receipt of chemotherapy, time from diagnosis to physical activity measurement
			<3 MET-hrs/week	Referent
			3–8.9	0.92 (0.50–1.69)
			9–17.9	0.57 (0.27–1.20)
			≥ 18	0.39 (0.18–0.82)
			All-cause mortality
			<3 MET-hrs/week	Referent
			3–8.9	0.77 (0.48–1.23)
			9–17.9	0.50 (0.28–0.90)
			≥ 18	0.43 (0.25–0.74)
Meyerhardt (2006),43 CALGB 89803, U.S.A.	832 Both Genders Colon	3.8 years	Disease free survival		Sex, age, depth of invasion through bowel wall, number of positive lymph node, presence of clinical perforation at time of surgery, presence of bowel obstruction, baseline CEA, grade of tumor differentiation, baseline performance status, treatment arm, weight change between first and second questionnaire, BMI at the time or second questionnaire, and time between study entry and completion of second questionnaire
			<3 MET-hrs/week	Referent
			3–8.9	0.87 (0.58–1.29)
			9–17	0.90 (0.57–1.40)
			18–26.9	0.51 (0.26–0.97)
			≥ 27	0.55 (0.33–0.91)
			Recurrence free survival
			<3 MET-hrs/week	Referent
			3–8.9	0.86 (0.57–1.30)
			9–17	0.89 (0.55–1.42)
			18–26.9	0.51 (0.26–1.01)
			≥ 27	0.60 (0.36–1.01)
			All-cause mortality
			<3 MET-hrs/week	Referent
			3–8.9	0.85 (0.49–1.49)
			9–17	0.71 (0.36–1.41)
			18–26.9	0.71 (0.32–1.59)
			≥ 27	0.37 (0.16–0.82)
Meyerhardt (2009),16 Health Professionals Follow-up Study, U.S.A	661 Male Colon and Rectal	8.6 years	CRC specific mortality		Age, stage, year of diagnosis, disease stage, tumor differentiation, tumor location, BMI, smoking
			<3 MET-hrs/week	Referent
			3.1–9	1.06 (0.55–2.08)
			9.1–18	1.30 (0.65–2.59)
			18.1–27	0.76 (0.33–1.77)
			≥ 27	0.47 (0.24–0.92)
			All-cause mortality
			<3 MET-hrs/week	Referent
			3.1–9	1.00 (0.68–1.48)
			9.1–18	1.12 (0.74–1.70)
			18.1–27	0.74 (0.46–1.20)
			≥ 27	0.59 (0.41–0.86)
Baade (2011),5 Queensland, Australia	1,825 Both Genders Colon and Rectal	4.9 years	CRC specific mortality		Age, sex, stage at diagnosis, smoking, site of tumor, treatment (surgery only vs. surgery and adjuvant therapy)
			Sedentary	Referent
			Insufficiently active	0.90 (0.69–1.17)
			Sufficiently active	0.88 (0.68–1.15)
			All-cause mortality
			Sedentary	Referent
			Insufficiently active	0.72 (0.57–0.90)
			Sufficiently active	0.75 (0.60–0.94)
Kuiper (2012),12 Women’s Health Initiative, U.S.A.	676 Female Colon and Rectal	11.9 years	CRC specific mortality		Age, study arm, time from diagnosis to measurement, pre-diagnostic BMI, tumor stage, ethnicity, education, alcohol, smoking, hormone therapy use
			0 MET-hrs/week	Referent
			>0–2.9	0.49 (0.21–1.14)
			3.0–8.9	0.30 (0.12–0.73)
			9.0–17.9	0.53 (0.22–1.25)
			≥ 27	0.29 (0.11–0.77)
			All-cause mortality
			0 MET-hrs/week	Referent
			>0–2.9	0.71 (0.40–1.30)
			3.0–8.9	0.42 (0.23–0.77)
			9.0–17.9	0.57 (0.31–1.07)
			≥ 27	0.41 (0.21–0.81)
Campbell (2013),17 Cancer Prevention Study-II, U.S.A.	1800 Both Genders Colon and Rectal	6.8 year	CRC specific mortality		Age, sex, smoking status, BMI, red meat intake, tumor stage, leisure-time spent sitting, education
			<3.5 MET-hrs/week	Referent
			3.5-<8.75	1.00 (0.64–1.56)
			≥8.75	0.87 (0.61–1.24)
			All-cause mortality
			<3.5 MET-hrs/week	Referent
			3.5-<8.75	0.78 (0.60–1.00)
			≥8.75	0.58 (0.47–0.71)

MET-hrs/week= metabolic equivalent tasks-hours per week