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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 May 1.
Published in final edited form as: Womens Health (Lond). 2014 Jul;10(4):423–430. doi: 10.2217/whe.14.23

Figure 3. Breast cancer evolution model from estrogen-dependent to estrogen-independent, and the potential modulators.

Figure 3

Anti-estrogen therapy and microenvironment change such as hypoxia enforce population evolution toward an EI-dominated population whereas estrogen or EI-targeted therapies may lower the fitness of EI and ES cells.

AI: Aromatase inhibitor; ED: Estrogen dependent; EI: Estrogen independent; ES: Estrogen susceptible; SERM: Selective estrogen receptor modulator.