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. 2014 Dec 8;5:675. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00675

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Copyright © 2014 Daghma, Hensel, Rutten, Melzer and Kumlehn.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Spontaneous genome doubling during pollen embryogenesis shown by synchronously acquired DIC and fluorescence images of GFP. (A) Two haploid nuclei after the first pollen mitosis. (B,C) Nuclei adhere to one another and eventually fuse to form a diploid nucleus. (D–F) Second mitosis producing a pair of diploid sister nuclei. (G–I) The two diploid nuclei adhere to one another and fuse to a tetraploid nucleus. (J,K) Third mitosis resulted in two tetraploid nuclei. (L–O) Fourth synchronized mitosis resulting in four tetraploid nuclei, two of which later fuse to a single octaploid nucleus. CW, cell wall; n, haploid genome. Bar = 20 μm.