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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Oct 1.
Published in final edited form as: Ann Epidemiol. 2014 Aug 12;24(10):747–753. doi: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2014.07.014

Figure 3.

Figure 3

Scenario 1 – A DAG representing marginally independent but conditionally (on S=1) dependent X and Y, with four confounding variables Z1, Z2, Z3, and Z4, one of which directly affects S.