Neural activities for Chinese words (CW), English words (EW), and alphabetic pseudowords (PW) in the eight pre-defined structural ROIs in Experiment 2. Scans 1, 2, and 3 were performed before training and after 8 days and 13 days of training, respectively. The eight bar graphs show percent signal change in (A) the left pars opercularis (PO), (B) the left pars triangularis (PT), (C) the left inferior temporal gyrus (ITG), (D) the right ITG, (E) the left fusiform gyrus (FG), (F) the right FG, (G) the left inferior occipital gyrus (IOG), and (H) the right IOG. Across the three scans, the U-shaped pattern was evident in all ROIs for Chinese words, and in the left PO, PT, ITG, and bilateral IOG for English words. In contrast, none of the ROIs showed significant activation changes for alphabetic pseudowords (please see Table S3 for statistics). Error bars represent the standard error of the mean.