Table 2.
Adjusted associations of depression at baseline with odds of hospitalization for pneumonia
| Adjusted for demographics |
Adjusted for demographics and clinical characteristics |
Adjusted for demographics, clinical characteristics and health-risk behaviors |
Adjusted for demographics, clinical characteristics health-risk behaviors, and functional status |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Odds Ratio (95% Confidence Interval) | ||||
| Depression | 1.46 (1.24, 1.73)† | 1.31 (1.10, 1.56)† | 1.28 (1.08, 1.53)† | 1.24 (1.03, 1.50)* |
| Age | 1.02 (1.01, 1.03)‡ | 1.02 (1.01, 1.03)‡ | 1.03 (1.02, 1.04)‡ | 1.03 (1.02, 1.04)‡ |
| Female | 0.67 (0.57, 0.78)‡ | 0.70 (0.60, 0.82)‡ | 0.77 (0.65, 0.91)† | 0.76 (0.63, 0.91)† |
| Non-white | 0.79 (0.63, 0.99)* | 0.81 (0.65, 1.02) | 0.82 (0.65, 1.03) | 0.76 (0.59, 0.98)* |
| < High school graduate | 1.08 (0.92, 1.27) | 1.03 (0.88, 1.22) | 1.00 (0.85, 1.18) | 0.92 (0.77, 1.10) |
| Single/separated/widowed | 1.27 (1.07, 1.50)† | 1.23 (1.04, 1.46)* | 1.20 (1.01, 1.43)* | 1.20 (1.00, 1.44) |
| Dual Medicare-Medicaid | 1.75 (1.44, 2.12)‡ | 1.61 (1.32, 1.96)‡ | 1.61 (1.32, 1.96)‡ | 1.56 (1.26, 1.94)‡ |
| Congestive heart failure | 1.05 (0.77, 1.44) | 1.03 (0.75, 1.41) | 0.88 (0.61, 1.25) | |
| Valvular disease | 1.22 (0.84, 1.78) | 1.26 (0.86, 1.83) | 1.35 (0.90, 2.30) | |
| Pulmonary circulation disease | 1.57 (0.94, 2.64) | 1.61 (0.95, 2.73) | 1.68 (0.93, 3.03) | |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 1.04 (0.72, 1.51) | 0.97 (0.67, 1.42) | 1.08 (0.72, 1.62) | |
| Paralysis | 1.36 (0.74, 2.51) | 1.44 (0.78, 2.66) | 1.73 (0.84, 3.58) | |
| Other neurological disorders | 1.06 (0.64, 1.74) | 1.07 (0.65, 1.75) | 0.94 (0.52, 1.70) | |
| Chronic pulmonary disease | 2.10 (1.63, 2.70)‡ | 1.92 (1.48, 2.48)‡ | 1.65 (1.24, 2.19)† | |
| Diabetes without chronic complications | 0.99 (0.73, 1.35) | 1.00 (0.73, 1.36) | 0.97 (0.70, 1.36) | |
| Diabetes with chronic complications | 1.96 (1.20, 3.20)† | 1.87 (1.13, 3.09)* | 1.62 (0.91, 2.88) | |
| Hypothyroidism | 0.97 (0.64, 1.45) | 0.94 (0.63, 1.43) | 0.95 (0.61, 1.47) | |
| Renal failure | 1.03 (0.54, 1.95) | 1.02 (0.54, 1.95) | 1.05 (0.50, 2.19) | |
| Liver disease | 2.96 (1.08, 8.10)* | 2.81 (1.07, 7.36)* | 2.64 (1.01, 6.93)* | |
| Lymphoma | 1.53 (0.38, 6.16) | 1.65 (0.42, 6.42) | 2.09 (0.49, 8.86) | |
| Metastatic cancer | 1.17 (0.56, 2.46) | 1.14 (0.54, 2.42) | 1.20 (0.54, 2.66) | |
| Rheumatoid arthritis | 0.95 (0.44, 2.04) | 0.92 (0.43, 1.98) | 1.04 (0.48, 2.25) | |
| Coagulopathy | 0.66 (0.33, 1.29) | 0.67 (0.33, 1.33) | 0.52 (0.22, 1.23) | |
| Obesity | 1.19 (0.67, 2.10) | 1.19 (0.67, 2.12) | 1.32 (0.72, 2.40) | |
| Weight loss | 1.36 (0.75, 2.46) | 1.30 (0.72, 2.33) | 1.35 (0.68, 2.66) | |
| Fluid and electrolyte disorders | 1.09 (0.82, 1.45) | 1.06 (0.80, 1.41) | 1.10 (0.80, 1.50) | |
| Chronic blood loss | 0.69 (0.33, 1.44) | 0.69 (0.33, 1.45) | 0.63 (0.27, 1.47) | |
| Deficiency anemias | 1.03 (0.70, 1.51) | 1.05 (0.71 , 1.56) | 0.91 (0.58, 1.41) | |
| Hypertension | 1.11 (0.89, 1.39) | 1.11 (0.88, 1.39) | 1.12 (0.88, 1.44) | |
| # of hospitalizations in year pre-baseline | 1.06 (0.96, 1.17) | 1.08 (0.97, 1.19) | 1.11 (0.99, 1.24) | |
| Alcohol consumption | ||||
| 1 drink/day | 0.92 (0.73, 1.16) | 0.94 (0.74, 1.19) | ||
| 2 drinks/day | 0.82 (0.59, 1.13) | 0.84 (0.60, 1.18) | ||
| 3 drinks/day | 1.12 (0.70, 1.80) | 1.00 (0.58, 1.72) | ||
| ≥ 4 drinks/day | 0.64 (0.35, 1.17) | 0.72 (0.39, 1.33) | ||
| Smoking | ||||
| Former smoker | 1.41 (1.18, 1.68)‡ | 1.44 (1.20, 1.73)‡ | ||
| Current smoker | 1.85 (1.44, 2.38)‡ | 1.87 (1.44, 2.44)‡ | ||
| Substance abuse diagnosis | 1.10 (0.60, 2.01) | 1.04 (0.53, 2.03) | ||
| TICSm score | 0.98 (0.96, 0.99)* | |||
| ADL/IADL impairments | ||||
| 1–2 ADL/IADL impairments | 1.22 (0.99, 1.49) | |||
| 3–4 ADL/IADL impairments | 1.20 (0.90, 1.59) | |||
| ≥ 5 ADL/IADL impairments | 1.06 (0.77, 1.46) | |||
Abbreviations (in alphabetical order): ADL = activities of daily living; IADL = instrumental ADLs; TICSm = Modified Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status.
*
P < 0.05
†
P < 0.01
‡
P < 0.001