Table 2.
Within group and between group comparisons for the virtual world and face-to-face intervention conditions (P values for continuous variables derived from Student’s t test of pre-post differences, unless otherwise noted).
| Variable | Face-to-face | Virtual world |
|
||||||||||
| Baseline (n=43) | Post (n=39) | Baseline/ follow-up difference | % change | Within group, P | Baseline (n=46) | Post (n=45) | Baseline/ follow-up difference | % change | Within group, P | Between group, P | |||
| Clinical outcomes, mean (SD) | |||||||||||||
|
|
HbA1c | 9.4 (2) | 8.9 (2) | -0.46 | -4.9 | .019 | 9.6 (2) | 9.3 (2) | -0.31 | -3.2 | .186 | .519 | |
|
|
|
HbA1c<9a,b, % | 37.2 | 51.3 |
|
|
.002 | 39.1 | 53.3 |
|
|
.014 | .493 |
|
|
Systolic BP, mmHg | 126.0 (15) | 126.0 (17) | 0.05 | 0.04 | .808 | 120.5 (13) | 122.3 (16) | 1.81 | 1.5 | .233 | .609 | |
|
|
Diastolic BP, mmHg | 80.4 (11) | 78.7 (9) | -1.64 | -2.0 | .733 | 79.4 (9) | 80.1 (10) | 0.72 | 0.9 | .600 | .675 | |
|
|
Cholesterol | 194.6 (42) | 191.1 (40) | -3.50 | -1.8 | .186 | 187.8 (49) | 186.9 (45) | -0.90 | -0.5 | .971 | .412 | |
|
|
BMI | 34.4 (8) | 33.4 (6) | -1.00 | -2.9 | .912 | 36.4 (8) | 36.1 (8) | -0.30 | -0.8 | .134 | .200 | |
|
|
Waist circumference (in) | 110.0 (17) | 107.2 (15) | -2.80 | -2.5 | .631 | 113.1 (17) | 112.1 (16) | -1.03 | -0.9 | .415 | .837 | |
| Behavioral variables (weekday) | |||||||||||||
|
|
Self-reported diabetes medication adherence, % | ||||||||||||
|
|
|
All prescribed diabetes medicationsa,b | 88.1 | 79.5 |
|
|
.035 | 86.9 | 88.1 |
|
|
.488 | .2984 |
|
|
Dietary intake, weekday averages, mean (SD) | ||||||||||||
|
|
|
Total calories, kcal | 1377.0 (512) | 1181.3 (443) | -195.67 | -14.2 | .023 | 1220.7 (518) | 1136.0 (492) | -84.70 | -6.9 | .257 | .255 |
|
|
|
% calories from SFA | 11.0 (4) | 9.8 (4) | -1.17 | -10.6 | .162 | 10.7 (4) | 9.9 (3) | -0.78 | -7.3 | .434 | .544 |
|
|
|
Fiber | 11.4 (6) | 13.1 (8) | 1.63 | 14.2 | .163 | 13.0 (7) | 13.6 (7) | 0.59 | 4.5 | .627 | .496 |
|
|
|
Alternate Healthy Eating index | 27.0 (9) | 29.8 (9) | 2.86 | 10.6 | .121 | 29.4 (10) | 30.6 (10) | 1.16 | 3.9 | .548 | .469 |
|
|
Physical activity (PA), weekday averages, mean (SD) | ||||||||||||
|
|
|
Total PA (MET-hr) | 40.9 (32) | 31.7 (29) | -9.20 | -22.5 | .196 | 36.5 (27) | 43.2 (31) | 6.70 | 18.4 | .113 | .050 |
|
|
|
Total inactivity (MET-hr) | 63.0 (13) | 65.2 (13) | 2.24 | 3.5 | .269 | 65.0 (12) | 60.0 (15) | -5.00 | -7.7 | .040 | .025 |
|
|
|
Household activity (MET-hr) | 18.0 (16) | 11.8 (11) | -6.20 | -34.4 | .013 | 16.0 (11) | 14.0 (11) | -2.00 | -12.5 | .318 | .140 |
|
|
|
Light activity (MET-hr) | 36.0 (24) | 28.6 (29) | -7.40 | -20.6 | .311 | 33.0 (27) | 39.2 (32) | 6.24 | 18.9 | .101 | .071 |
|
|
|
Moderate activity (MET-hr) | 16.0 (20) | 15.9 (28) | -0.15 | -0.9 | .650 | 16.0 (26) | 19.5 (29) | 3.50 | 21.9 | .363 | .472 |
|
|
|
Median | 8.0 | 8.3 |
|
|
|
6.0 | 8.3 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Blood glucose self-monitoring a , % | ||||||||||||
|
|
|
No monitoring | 35.0 | 15.0 |
|
|
.002 | 24.0 | 12.0 |
|
|
<.001 | .895 |
| Psychosocial variables, mean (SD) | |||||||||||||
|
|
Depressive symptoms (CES-D) | 22.6 (9) | 20.6 (8) | -2.01 | -8.9 | .053 | 19.8 (9) | 20.5 (10) | 0.71 | 3.6 | .441 | .051 | |
|
|
Perceived stress (PSS) | 14.2 (7) | 13.9 (8) | -0.28 | -2.0 | .263 | 14.2 (8) | 15.1 (7) | 0.87 | 6.1 | .336 | .139 | |
|
|
Physical functioning (SF-12 PCS) | 41.7 (9) | 43.9 (11) | 2.18 | 5.2 | .247 | 42.4 (10) | 42.3 (11) | -0.08 | -0.2 | .813 | .322 | |
|
|
Mental health functioning (SF-12 MCS) | 47 (10) | 50 (11) | 3.74 | 8.0 | .062 | 49 (11) | 50.3 (12) | 1.32 | 2.7 | .385 | .293 | |
|
|
Overall quality of life (SF-12 total score) | 88.5 (13) | 94 (14) | 5.88 | 6.6 | .022 | 91.3 (16) | 92.6 (14) | 1.24 | 1.4 | .599 | .113 | |
|
|
Social support | 68.0 (20) | 72 (20) | 3.50 | 5.1 | .261 | 69.5 (27) | 67.7 (28) | -1.79 | -2.6 | .602 | .256 | |
|
|
Diabetes self-efficacy | 34.6 (7) | 40 (7) | 5.90 | 17.1 | <.001 | 36.0 (9) | 40.6 (7) | 4.58 | 12.7 | <.001 | .268 | |
aWithin group differences determined by Fisher’s Exact test.
bBetween group differences determined by Breslow-Day Test for Homogeneity.