Table 3. Association of baseline serum α-tocopherol, β-carotene, and retinol with incident liver cancer and chronic liver disease mortality among those with information on hepatitis B and C status.
|
Incident liver cancer |
Chronic liver disease mortality |
||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | P-trend | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | P-trend | |
Serum α-tocopherol | ||||||||||
No. of cases/no. of controls | 55/190 | 40/199 | 39/231 | 33/197 | 95/190 | 40/199 | 43/231 | 34/197 | ||
Model 1 | 1.00 | 0.85 | 0.94 | 0.84 | 0.64 | 1.00 | 0.48 | 0.53 | 0.46 | 0.01 |
0.52–1.40 | 0.55–1.61 | 0.45–1.57 | 0.30–0.79 | 0.32–0.89 | 0.24–0.86 | |||||
Model 2 | 1.00 | 0.75 | 0.90 | 0.81 | 0.60 | 1.00 | 0.46 | 0.52 | 0.45 | 0.01 |
0.45–1.26 | 0.53–1.54 | 0.43–1.51 | 0.28–0.76 | 0.31–0.87 | 0.24–0.84 | |||||
No. of cases/no. of controls | 46/180 | 30/184 | 33/209 | 32/214 | 89/180 | 37/184 | 39/209 | 31/182 | ||
Model 3 | 1.00 | 0.75 | 0.96 | 0.89 | 0.86 | 1.00 | 0.47 | 0.51 | 0.41 | 0.007 |
|
|
0.43–1.30 |
0.55–1.69 |
0.47–1.70 |
|
|
0.28–0.79 |
0.30–0.87 |
0.21–0.79 |
|
Serum β-carotene | ||||||||||
No. of cases/no. of controls | 74/196 | 39/197 | 34/214 | 20/210 | 107/196 | 43/197 | 37/214 | 25/210 | ||
Model 1 | 1.00 | 0.62 | 0.64 | 0.46 | 0.02 | 1.00 | 0.61 | 0.70 | 0.77 | 0.41 |
0.38–0.99 | 0.39–1.05 | 0.25–0.83 | 0.38–0.96 | 0.42–1.14 | 0.44–1.36 | |||||
Model 2 | 1.00 | 0.63 | 0.63 | 0.48 | 0.02 | 1.00 | 0.60 | 0.69 | 0.78 | 0.44 |
0.39–1.01 | 0.38–1.04 | 0.26–0.88 | 0.37–0.95 | 0.42–1.14 | 0.44–1.38 | |||||
No. of cases/no. of controls | 59/177 | 35/189 | 29/197 | 18/192 | 100/177 | 36/189 | 36/197 | 24/192 | ||
Model 3 | 1.00 | 0.67 | 0.65 | 0.51 | 0.05 | 1.00 | 0.51 | 0.76 | 0.83 | 0.66 |
|
|
0.41–1.11 |
0.38–1.13 |
0.27–0.97 |
|
|
0.31–0.83 |
0.45–1.27 |
0.46–1.48 |
|
Serum retinol | ||||||||||
No. of cases/no. of controls | 56/194 | 46/212 | 23/204 | 42/207 | 70/194 | 45/212 | 35/204 | 62/207 | ||
Model 1 | 1.00 | 0.70 | 0.40 | 0.70 | 0.07 | 1.00 | 0.69 | 0.52 | 0.72 | 0.15 |
0.44–1.13 | 0.23–0.71 | 0.42–1.17 | 0.42–1.13 | 0.31–0.88 | 0.44–1.18 | |||||
Model 2 | 1.00 | 0.73 | 0.43 | 0.73 | 0.10 | 1.00 | 0.71 | 0.54 | 0.72 | 0.14 |
0.45–1.18 | 0.24–0.76 | 0.44–1.22 | 0.43–1.16 | 0.32–0.91 | 0.44–1.18 | |||||
No. of cases /no. of controls | 42/173 | 40/196 | 19/191 | 40/195 | 61/173 | 43/196 | 35/191 | 57/195 | ||
Model 3 | 1.00 | 0.78 | 0.41 | 0.81 | 0.22 | 1.00 | 0.70 | 0.56 | 0.73 | 0.20 |
0.46–1.30 | 0.22–0.76 | 0.47–1.39 | 0.42–1.18 | 0.32–0.97 | 0.44–1.24 |
Model 1: adjusted for Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention (ATBC) study intervention arm, age (continuous), body mass index (BMI; continuous), years of smoking (continuous), cigarettes per day (continuous), serum cholesterol (continuous), history of diabetes (yes, no), marital status (currently married, not), education (elementary school or less, higher than elementary school), and daily intake of alcohol (continuous), coffee (continuous), fruits (continuous), vegetables (continuous), and total energy (continuous).
Model 2: additionally adjusted for hepatitis B surface antigen, hepatitis B antibodies, and hepatitis C antibodies.
Model 3: Similar to model 1 but restricted to those who were hepatitis B and C negative.
Presented as odds ratio (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).