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. 2014 Oct 14;111(11):2163–2171. doi: 10.1038/bjc.2014.365

Table 3. Association of baseline serum α-tocopherol, β-carotene, and retinol with incident liver cancer and chronic liver disease mortality among those with information on hepatitis B and C status.

 
Incident liver cancer
Chronic liver disease mortality
  Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 P-trend Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 P-trend
Serum α-tocopherol
No. of cases/no. of controls 55/190 40/199 39/231 33/197   95/190 40/199 43/231 34/197  
Model 1 1.00 0.85 0.94 0.84 0.64 1.00 0.48 0.53 0.46 0.01
    0.52–1.40 0.55–1.61 0.45–1.57     0.30–0.79 0.32–0.89 0.24–0.86  
Model 2 1.00 0.75 0.90 0.81 0.60 1.00 0.46 0.52 0.45 0.01
    0.45–1.26 0.53–1.54 0.43–1.51     0.28–0.76 0.31–0.87 0.24–0.84  
No. of cases/no. of controls 46/180 30/184 33/209 32/214   89/180 37/184 39/209 31/182  
Model 3 1.00 0.75 0.96 0.89 0.86 1.00 0.47 0.51 0.41 0.007
 
 
0.43–1.30
0.55–1.69
0.47–1.70
 
 
0.28–0.79
0.30–0.87
0.21–0.79
 
Serum β-carotene
No. of cases/no. of controls 74/196 39/197 34/214 20/210   107/196 43/197 37/214 25/210  
Model 1 1.00 0.62 0.64 0.46 0.02 1.00 0.61 0.70 0.77 0.41
    0.38–0.99 0.39–1.05 0.25–0.83     0.38–0.96 0.42–1.14 0.44–1.36  
Model 2 1.00 0.63 0.63 0.48 0.02 1.00 0.60 0.69 0.78 0.44
    0.39–1.01 0.38–1.04 0.26–0.88     0.37–0.95 0.42–1.14 0.44–1.38  
No. of cases/no. of controls 59/177 35/189 29/197 18/192   100/177 36/189 36/197 24/192  
Model 3 1.00 0.67 0.65 0.51 0.05 1.00 0.51 0.76 0.83 0.66
 
 
0.41–1.11
0.38–1.13
0.27–0.97
 
 
0.31–0.83
0.45–1.27
0.46–1.48
 
Serum retinol
No. of cases/no. of controls 56/194 46/212 23/204 42/207   70/194 45/212 35/204 62/207  
Model 1 1.00 0.70 0.40 0.70 0.07 1.00 0.69 0.52 0.72 0.15
    0.44–1.13 0.23–0.71 0.42–1.17     0.42–1.13 0.31–0.88 0.44–1.18  
Model 2 1.00 0.73 0.43 0.73 0.10 1.00 0.71 0.54 0.72 0.14
    0.45–1.18 0.24–0.76 0.44–1.22     0.43–1.16 0.32–0.91 0.44–1.18  
No. of cases /no. of controls 42/173 40/196 19/191 40/195   61/173 43/196 35/191 57/195  
Model 3 1.00 0.78 0.41 0.81 0.22 1.00 0.70 0.56 0.73 0.20
    0.46–1.30 0.22–0.76 0.47–1.39     0.42–1.18 0.32–0.97 0.44–1.24  

Model 1: adjusted for Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention (ATBC) study intervention arm, age (continuous), body mass index (BMI; continuous), years of smoking (continuous), cigarettes per day (continuous), serum cholesterol (continuous), history of diabetes (yes, no), marital status (currently married, not), education (elementary school or less, higher than elementary school), and daily intake of alcohol (continuous), coffee (continuous), fruits (continuous), vegetables (continuous), and total energy (continuous).

Model 2: additionally adjusted for hepatitis B surface antigen, hepatitis B antibodies, and hepatitis C antibodies.

Model 3: Similar to model 1 but restricted to those who were hepatitis B and C negative.

Presented as odds ratio (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).