Table 4. Association of joint (baseline and 3-year follow-up) categories of serum α-tocopherol, β-carotene, and retinol with incident liver cancer and chronic liver disease mortality.

	Incident liver cancer			Chronic liver disease mortality
	L/L	L/H or H/L	H/H	L/L	L/H or H/L	H/H
Serum α-tocopherol
No. of cases/all	35/4484	13/2253	28/4634	41/4484	19/2253	21/4634
	1.00	0.83	1.00	1.00	0.93	0.60
		0.43–1.59	0.55–1.81		0.53–1.62	0.32–1.10
Serum β-carotene
No. of cases/all	35/4328	16/2526	25/4578	55/4328	17/2526	11/4578
	1.00	0.84	0.80	1.00	0.73	0.32
		0.46–1.53	0.45–1.41		0.42–1.29	0.16–0.65
Serum retinol
No. of cases/all	80/8543	34/5464	46/8798	58/8543	48/5464	51/8798
	1.00	0.63	0.51	1.00	0.97	0.57
		0.42–0.94	0.35–0.75		0.65–1.43	0.39–0.85

Abbreviations: H=above the median; L=below the median.

Median baseline, α-tocopherol: 11.5 mg l⁻¹; β-carotene: 170 μg l⁻¹; and retinol: 576 μg l⁻¹.

Median follow-up, α-tocopherol: 12.4 mg l⁻¹; β-carotene: 180 μg l⁻¹; and retinol: 590 μg l⁻¹.

Adjusted for Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention (ATBC) study intervention arm, age (continuous), body mass index (BMI; continuous), years of smoking (continuous), cigarettes per day (continuous), serum cholesterol (continuous), history of diabetes, marital status, education, and daily intake of alcohol, coffee, fruits (energy adjusted), vegetables (energy adjusted), and total energy.

Presented as hazards ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).