Table 3. Modifications of biochemical parameters.
| Variable | Kamut Pre | Kamut post | Change | P-value | Control pre | Control post | Change | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| White blood cells, n | 6.09 (5.51–6.68) | 6.05 (5.43–6.66) | −0.04 (−0.42; 0.33) | 0.8 | 6.25 (5.54–6.97) | 6.45 (5.64–7.26) | 0.19 (−0.40; 0.80) | 0.5 |
| Fibrinogen, mg/dl | 391.3 (362.9–420.4) | 403.4 (371.8–435) | 12.1 (−11.9; 36.2) | 0.3 | 396.2 (368.4–423.9) | 388.1 (361.9–414.3) | −8.15 (−24.1; 7.82) | 0.3 |
| Blood glucose, mg/dl | 81.1 (77.3–84.9) | 78.1 (75.5–80.7) | −3.00 (−5.78; −0.23) | 0.04 | 80.3 (76.8–83.7) | 79.3 (76.4–82.3) | −0.90 (−4.16; 2.33) | 0.6 |
| Insulin, mU/l | 6.99 (5.33–8.66) | 9.29 (6.11–12.46) | 2.29 (−0.66; 5.25) | 0.1 | 9.84 (6.49–13.18) | 9.82 (6.03–13.60) | −0.02 (−2.81; 2.76) | 0.9 |
| AST, U/l | 21.4 (19.9–22.8) | 20.8 (18.9–22.7) | −0.55 (−2.37; 1.28) | 0.5 | 22.8 (20.1–25.5) | 24.7 (21.6–27.7) | 1.91 (−0.93; 4.74) | 0.2 |
| ALT, U/l | 21.6 (19.4–23.9) | 19.4 (17.1–21.6) | −2.32 (−4.32; −0.31) | 0.03 | 21.1 (18.2–24.1) | 23.1 (20.3–25.8) | 1.90 (−0.38; 4.18) | 0.09 |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dl | 210.4 (192.8–227.9) | 201.9 (185.4–218.4) | −8.46 (−15.96; −0.95) | 0.03 | 207.1 (193.5–220.6) | 202.7 (187.9–217.5) | −4.38 (−11.64; 2.88) | 0.2 |
| LDL cholesterol, mg/dl | 125.5 (110.3–140.7) | 115.6 (103.7–127.6) | −9.82 (−18.23; −1.41) | 0.02 | 122 (108.7–135.4) | 118.6 (102.2–134.9) | −3.42 (−7.69; 0.85) | 0.1 |
| HDL-cholesterol, mg/dl | 60.2 (53.2–67.3) | 58.2 (50.8–65.7) | −2.00 (−4.73; 0.73) | 0.1 | 58.2 (49.4–66.9) | 60.8 (52.2–69.4) | 2.62 (−1.61; 6.85) | 0.2 |
| Triglycerides, mg/dl | 124.5 (93.1–155.9) | 134.2 (95.2–173.2) | 9.64 (−15.63; 34.90) | 0.4 | 135.1 (99.1–171.1) | 122.7 (87.7–157.7) | −12.42 (−55.95; 31.10) | 0.5 |
| Sodium, mEq/l | 140.1 (139.3–140.9) | 140.4 (139.6–141.1) | −0.23 (−0.52; 0.97) | 0.5 | 139.9 (139.2–140.6) | 140.2 (139.4–141) | 0.29 (−0.46; 1.04) | 0.4 |
| Potassium, mEq/l | 4.17 (4.03–4.32) | 4.37 (4.25–4.49) | 0.20 (0.07; 0.32) | 0.005 | 4.25 (4.09–4.42) | 4.18 (4.03–4.33) | −0.07 (−0.31; 0.17) | 0.5 |
| Magnesium, mg/dl | 2.16 (2.09–2.22) | 2.21 (2.13–2.29) | 0.05 (0.002; 0.09) | 0.04 | 2.14 (2.07–2.21) | 2.11 (2.04–2.17) | −0.03 (−0.10; 0.04) | 0.3 |
| Iron, μg/dl | 112.6 (91.2–133.9) | 88.6 (73.4–103.7) | −24.1 (−49.4; 1.35) | 0.06 | 92.5 (77.2–107.8) | 83.1 (68.2–98.1) | −9.33 (−27.76; 9.09) | 0.3 |
Abbreviations: ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein.
Data are reported as geometric mean and (range). General linear model adjusted for age, gender, smoking habit, hypertension and physical activity.