Table 2.
New Model of dimensions of readiness of practices to participate in research
| Dimension of readiness | Key attribute(s) | Health System & Research network activity to promote research readiness | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Existing | New activity required | |||
| 1 | Data | Coded data that identifies: | Pay-for-performance (P4P) has improved (but also distorted) data quality | Active engagement in data quality (of cases & likely controls) |
| Denominator | ||||
| Cases (& controls) | ||||
| Inclusion & exclusion criteria | ||||
| 2 | Records | Data are extractable | Networks that extract data (research databases) | Validation of extracts is required: these can have errors and be inconsistent. |
| One-off (MIQUEST) extraction | ||||
| Practice searches (EPR vendor search tool) | ||||
| 3 | Organisational | Health system readiness | Legislation (Health & Social Care Act 2012) | Engagement with local primary care structures (Health service localities; Medical primary care societies etc.) |
| Socio-cultural | Government/Health ministry promotion of bioscience research | |||
| Incentive schemes for practices | ||||
| 4 | Governance | Research governance (RG) | RG emphasis of existing scheme | Educational programme |
| Good Clinical Practice (for trials) | ||||
| Information governance | ||||
| Some confusion about “Opt out” | ||||
| Practice has legal responsibility as the Data Controller in the UK (Data Protection Act) | New national guidance about personal data is required. | |||
| 5 | Study | Impossible to cover all eventualities | Data quality for the specific study | Responsive support, direct data collection from patients may be possible |
| Demographic data | ||||
| 6 | Business | Tipped in favour or participation | Mechanism for funding research (e.g. some practices reluctant to carry out studies sponsored by pharmaceutical industry) | Standard payments |
| Use quality improvement studies to promote research-relevant activities | ||||
| Level of funding and whether provides sufficient incentive to participants | Develop intangible resources | |||
| (social/relationship capital) | ||||
| Feasibility of study being incorporated into existing workload | ||||
| Any risk/perceived risk (e.g. new drug) | ||||
| 7 | Patient | Information consent | Individual expectation to participate in research/“pre-consent” models | Learn how to take consent |
| Develop intangible resources (relationships with practices) | ||||
| Volunteer patient cohorts | ||||
| Single disease (e.g. diabetes), where there may be an associated primary care clinic | ||||
| Patient-practice culture & ethos about participating in research | ||||
| Track record – previous experience of delivering projects - type, clinical domain, number of cases | ||||