Figure 3. Lethal effects of blue-light irradiation on the mosquito Culex pipiens molestus and the confused flour beetle Tribolium confusum.

(a) Mortality of C. pipiens molestus pupae irradiated with various wavelengths of blue light at 10.0 × 10¹⁸ photons·m⁻²·s⁻¹ during the pupal stage. Data are means ± standard error (SE). Different lowercase letters next to bars indicate significant differences (Steel–Dwass test, P < 0.05). DD indicates the 24-h dark condition. (b) Dose–response relationships for lethal effects of irradiation with each wavelength of light on pupae. Data are mean values. (c) Mortality of C. pipiens molestus that were irradiated with 417-nm light for 48 h at 10.0 × 10¹⁸ photons·m⁻²·s⁻¹ during the egg stage. Data are means ± SE. Hours in parentheses show the elapsed time after discontinuation of irradiation. Different lowercase or capital letters next to bars indicate significant differences among the three treatments for each time period (Steel–Dwass test, P < 0.05). LL and DD indicate 24-h light and 24-h dark conditions, respectively. (d) Mortality of T. confusum pupae irradiated with various wavelengths of light at 2.0 × 10¹⁸ photons·m⁻²·s⁻¹ during the pupal stage. Data are means ± SE. Different lowercase letters next to bars indicate significant differences (Steel–Dwass test, P < 0.05). LD indicates 16L:8D photoperiod condition.