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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Dec 9.
Published in final edited form as: Microbe Wash DC. 2012;7(8):353–359. doi: 10.1128/microbe.7.353.1

FIGURE 2.

FIGURE 2

Numerous environmental signals are translated into c-di-GMP to modulate downstream phenotypes. DGC domains (black plus) are modular in nature and are linked to various sensory domains. Recognition of stimulatory signals or modification by upstream signal transduction pathways, as indicated by phosphorylation (P) of a receiver domain by a kinase, drives dimerization to induce catalysis of c-di-GMP. These enzymes can be located either in the cytoplasm or inner membrane (the two lines refer to the inner and outer membrane of the cell). PDE domains (grey pentagon) are similar. A subclass of proteins contains both a DGC and PDE domain. C-di-GMP interacts with multiple effectors to regulate behaviors at the levels of transcription initiation, posttranscriptional control, and direct control of phenotypic output.