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A major question in the field of c-di-GMP signaling is the degree of signaling specificity. C-di-GMP may exist as a high specificity pathway in which segregated “pools” linked to specific DGCs or PDEs regulate downstream phenotypes via parallel signaling pathways (left). Alternatively, in a low specificity system all DGCs and PDEs modulate a common c-di-GMP hub that impacts all regulated phenotypes (right).
