Table 1.
Behavioral observations following pharmacological interventions or genetic manipulations of the NPY system.
| Rodent models | Pharmacological intervention or genetic manipulation | Route of administration/region | Direction of behavioral effect | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anxiety–like Behavior | NPY | i.c.v. BLA, CeA Hippocampus Lateral Septum LC |
Decrease | (Broqua and et al, 1995, Heilig and et al, 1989, Britton and et al, 1997, Heilig and et al, 1992) (Primeaux and et al, 2005, Sajdyk et al., 1999, Heilig and et al, 1993) (Lin and et al, 2010, Thorsell and et al, 2000) (Trent and Menard, 2011) (Kask et al., 1998) |
| NPY knockout | Increase | (Bannon et al., 2000) | ||
| Y1R agonists | i.c.v. CeA Hippocampus |
Decrease | (Britton and et al, 1997, Sorensen and et al, 2004) (Heilig and et al, 1993, Lyons and Thiele, 2010) (Olesen et al., 2012) |
|
| Y1R antagonists | i.c.v. PAG LC Hypothalamus CeA |
Increase No effect |
(Kask et al., 1998b, Kask et al., 1998a, Kask et al., 1998b, Kask et al., 1998c, Kask and et al, 1999) (Kask et al., 1998) |
|
| Y1R knockout | Increase | (Karl et al., 2006, Longo and et al, 2014, Bertocchi and et al, 2011) | ||
| Y2R agonist | i.c.v. LC Lateral septum BLA (high dose) |
No effect Decrease |
(Broqua and et al, 1995, Heilig and et al, 1989, Britton and et al, 1997, Sorensen and et al, 2004) (Kask et al., 1998) (Trent and Menard, 2013) (Sajdyk et al., 2002) |
|
| Y2R antagonists | CeA | Decrease | (Kallupi et al., 2013) | |
| Y2R knockout | Global, BLA or CeA GABAergic neurons in CeA |
Decrease Increase |
(Tasan and et al, 2010, Tasan and et al, 2009, Painsipp et al., 2008, Painsipp and et al, 2008, Tschenett and et al, 2003) (McCall et al., 2013) |
|
| Y4R knockout | Decrease | (Tasan and et al, 2009, Painsipp and et al, 2008) | ||
| Y5R agonist | i.c.v. | Decrease | (Sorensen et al., 2004) | |
| Y5R antagonist | BLA | Decrease | (Sajdyk et al., 2002) | |
| Arousal | NPY | i.c.v., BLA CeA |
Decrease No effect |
(Broqua and et al, 1995, Gilpin and et al, 2011, Gutman and et al, 2008) (Gutman et al., 2008) |
| NPY knockout | Increase | (Sudakov et al., 2001) | ||
| Y1R agonists | i.c.v. | Decrease | (Broqua et al., 1995) | |
| Y2R | i.c.v. | No effect | (Broqua et al., 1995) | |
| Y2R knockout | Increase | (Sudakov et al., 2001) | ||
| Fear | NPY | i.c.v., Amygdala | Decrease | (Gutman and et al, 2008, Lach and de Lima, 2013, Fendt and et al, 2009, Pickens and et al, 2009) |
| NPY knockout | Increase | (Verma et al., 2012) | ||
| Y1R agonists | i.c.v. | Decrease | (Lach de Lima, 2013) | |
| Y1R antagonists | i.c.v. Amygdala |
Block NPY effects Increase |
(Lach de Lima, 2013) (Gutman et al., 2008) |
|
| Y1R knockout | Increase | (Fendt et al., 2009) | ||
| Y2R knockout | No effect | (Verma et al., 2012) | ||
| Depression–like Behavior | NPY | i.c.v., Hippocampus | Decrease | (Redrobe and et al, 2005, Stogner and Holmes, 2000, Redrobe and et al, 2002, Ishida and et al, 2007) |
| Y1R agonists | i.c.v. | Decrease | (Redrobe et al., 2002) | |
| Y1R antagonists | i.c.v. | Block NPY effects | (Redrobe et al., 2002) | |
| Y1R knockout | Increase | (Karlsson et al., 2008) | ||
| Y2R antagonists | i.c.v. | Decrease | (Redrobe et al., 2002) | |
| Y2R knockout | Decrease | (Painsipp et al., 2008) | ||
| Y4R knockout | Decrease | (Tasan and et al, 2009, Painsipp and et al, 2008) | ||
| Depression Models (OBX or FSL) | NPY | Decrease (OBX) | (Goyal et al., 2009) | |
| Y1R agonist | i.c.v. | Decrease (OBX) | (Goyal et al., 2009) | |
| Y2R agonist | i.c.v. | Increase (OBX) | (Morales-Medina et al., 2012) | |
| Y2R antagonist | i.c.v. | Decrease (OBX) | (Morales-Medina et al., 2012) | |
| Y5R antagonist | i.c.v. | Decrease (FSL) | (Walker et al., 2009) | |
| PTSD models (PSS and SPS | NPY | Intranasal, Hippocampus | Decrease anxiety, arousal, fear, depression-like behaviors | (Cohen and et al, 2012, Serova and et al, 2013, Serova and et al, 2014) |
| Y1R antagonist | Hippocampus | Increase anxiety, arousal | (Cohen et al., 2012) |