Table 1.
Cognitive measures as a function of group.
| ADHD | Comparison | Low WM | Group comparison | Comparison vs. ADHD | Comparison vs. Low WM | ADHD vs. Low WM | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | M | SD | n | M | SD | n | M | SD | F | P | partial eta | p | d | p | d | p | d | |
| WORKING MEMORY | ||||||||||||||||||
| Digit recall | 83 | 94.735 | 15.538 | 50 | 104.420 | 12.977 | 50 | 89.360 | 13.363 | 14.383 | 0.000 | 0.138 | 0.000 | 0.670 | 0.000 | 1.144 | 0.044 | 0.372 |
| Word recall | 83 | 98.807 | 18.204 | 50 | 112.560 | 13.109 | 50 | 93.840 | 15.401 | 18.367 | 0.000 | 0.169 | 0.000 | 0.818 | 0.000 | 1.313 | 0.109 | 0.296 |
| Nonword recall | 83 | 103.084 | 16.545 | 50 | 113.220 | 12.334 | 50 | 96.480 | 16.902 | 14.653 | 0.000 | 0.14 | 0.000 | 0.606 | 0.000 | 1.145 | 0.029 | 0.395 |
| Verbal STM | 83 | 98.819 | 16.808 | 50 | 112.260 | 10.236 | 50 | 92.360 | 15.122 | 23.813 | 0.000 | 0.209 | 0.000 | 0.842 | 0.000 | 1.570 | 0.028 | 0.405 |
| Dot matrix | 83 | 90.699 | 17.873 | 50 | 105.360 | 18.154 | 50 | 84.720 | 19.091 | 17.200 | 0.000 | 0.160 | 0.000 | 0.793 | 0.000 | 1.108 | 0.071 | 0.323 |
| Mazes memory | 83 | 97.723 | 18.023 | 50 | 109.900 | 14.349 | 50 | 89.760 | 20.093 | 16.471 | 0.000 | 0.155 | 0.000 | 0.639 | 0.000 | 1.170 | 0.020 | 0.418 |
| Block recall | 83 | 87.988 | 18.679 | 50 | 111.060 | 16.138 | 50 | 86.960 | 22.069 | 27.634 | 0.000 | 0.235 | 0.000 | 1.132 | 0.000 | 1.262 | 0.775 | 0.050 |
| Visuo-spatial STM | 83 | 90.602 | 18.937 | 50 | 110.240 | 14.682 | 50 | 84.640 | 20.785 | 27.240 | 0.000 | 0.232 | 0.000 | 0.989 | 0.000 | 1.444 | 0.092 | 0.300 |
| Listening recall | 83 | 90.651 | 17.698 | 50 | 102.760 | 10.843 | 50 | 75.660 | 8.412 | 47.572 | 0.000 | 0.346 | 0.000 | 0.928 | 0.000 | 2.815 | 0.000 | 1.148 |
| Counting recall | 83 | 87.482 | 17.532 | 50 | 101.160 | 13.555 | 50 | 81.620 | 14.828 | 20.485 | 0.000 | 0.185 | 0.000 | 0.845 | 0.000 | 1.377 | 0.050 | 0.362 |
| Backward digit recall | 83 | 89.241 | 14.211 | 50 | 105.980 | 9.612 | 50 | 81.780 | 8.036 | 57.959 | 0.000 | 0.392 | 0.000 | 1.505 | 0.000 | 2.742 | 0.001 | 0.671 |
| Verbal WM | 83 | 86.759 | 17.031 | 50 | 104.340 | 8.905 | 50 | 75.260 | 10.472 | 58.723 | 0.000 | 0.395 | 0.000 | 1.278 | 0.000 | 3.002 | 0.000 | 0.836 |
| Odd one out | 83 | 88.253 | 17.139 | 50 | 105.720 | 15.863 | 50 | 81.500 | 13.411 | 31.771 | 0.000 | 0.261 | 0.000 | 1.144 | 0.000 | 1.655 | 0.019 | 0.442 |
| Mr X | 83 | 85.843 | 14.675 | 50 | 102.860 | 19.246 | 50 | 82.040 | 13.219 | 25.996 | 0.000 | 0.224 | 0.000 | 1.220 | 0.000 | 1.283 | 0.136 | 0.273 |
| Spatial span | 83 | 82.819 | 16.129 | 50 | 98.180 | 16.319 | 50 | 78.180 | 14.931 | 22.455 | 0.000 | 0.200 | 0.000 | 0.989 | 0.000 | 1.280 | 0.101 | 0.299 |
| Visuo-spatial WM | 83 | 82.928 | 15.533 | 50 | 102.840 | 18.109 | 50 | 78.120 | 12.501 | 36.950 | 0.000 | 0.291 | 0.000 | 1.421 | 0.000 | 1.615 | 0.066 | 0.343 |
| EXECUTIVE FUNCTION SWITCHING | ||||||||||||||||||
| Visual scanning time | 83 | 11.217 | 2.846 | 50 | 11.840 | 2.706 | 50 | 10.800 | 3.084 | 1.664 | 0.192 | 0.018 | ||||||
| Visual scanning omissions | 83 | 69.169 | 40.783 | 50 | 78.600 | 34.811 | 50 | 68.680 | 41.091 | 1.088 | 0.339 | 0.012 | ||||||
| Visual scanning commissions | 83 | 95.422 | 20.470 | 50 | 96.200 | 18.805 | 50 | 96.200 | 18.805 | 0.036 | 0.965 | 0.000 | ||||||
| Motor speed time | 83 | 10.783 | 2.701 | 50 | 11.160 | 2.510 | 49 | 9.469 | 3.355 | 4.966 | 0.008 | 0.053 | ||||||
| Letter sequencing time | 83 | 9.060 | 3.759 | 50 | 9.920 | 2.989 | 47 | 7.787 | 3.901 | 4.299 | 0.015 | 0.046 | ||||||
| Letter sequencing errors | 83 | 60.554 | 45.490 | 50 | 85.760 | 33.007 | 47 | 64.319 | 45.895 | 5.797 | 0.004 | 0.061 | 0.001 | 0.552 | 0.009 | 0.543 | 0.652 | 0.082 |
| Number sequencing time | 83 | 10.000 | 3.298 | 50 | 10.580 | 2.942 | 49 | 8.000 | 3.857 | 8.229 | 0.000 | 0.084 | 0.309 | 0.162 | 0.000 | 0.759 | 0.002 | 0.559 |
| Number Sequencing errors | 83 | 85.036 | 34.940 | 50 | 96.160 | 19.003 | 49 | 90.102 | 29.672 | 2.175 | 0.117 | 0.024 | ||||||
| Number-letter sequencing time | 80 | 10.513 | 2.851 | 50 | 10.560 | 2.922 | 44 | 9.500 | 3.114 | 2.025 | 0.135 | 0.023 | ||||||
| Number-letter sequencing errors | 80 | 8.163 | 3.820 | 50 | 10.340 | 2.200 | 44 | 7.630 | 3.511 | 9.323 | 0.000 | 0.097 | 0.000 | 0.594 | 0.000 | 0.949 | 0.440 | 0.145 |
| Number-letter sequencing contrast | 80 | 10.400 | 2.809 | 50 | 9.900 | 2.485 | 44 | 11.205 | 3.188 | 2.532 | 0.082 | 0.029 | ||||||
| INHIBITION AND INHIBITION SWITCHING | ||||||||||||||||||
| Color naming time | 83 | 10.133 | 2.991 | 50 | 12.180 | 3.415 | 49 | 8.878 | 3.557 | 12.993 | 0.000 | 0.127 | 0.000 | 0.625 | 0.000 | 0.947 | 0.032 | 0.383 |
| Color naming errors | 83 | 44.795 | 37.309 | 50 | 72.800 | 35.487 | 49 | 58.429 | 41.910 | 8.538 | 0.000 | 0.087 | 0.000 | 0.707 | 0.068 | 0.371 | 0.055 | 0.344 |
| Word reading time | 83 | 9.735 | 3.433 | 50 | 12.140 | 2.129 | 46 | 9.543 | 2.722 | 12.811 | 0.000 | 0.127 | 0.000 | 0.782 | 0.000 | 1.071 | 0.745 | 0.062 |
| Word reading errors | 83 | 52.663 | 44.738 | 50 | 82.800 | 33.123 | 46 | 61.957 | 44.691 | 8.144 | 0.000 | 0.085 | 0.000 | 0.674 | 0.011 | 0.536 | 0.260 | 0.208 |
| Color-word interference time | 82 | 10.402 | 3.243 | 50 | 11.680 | 2.917 | 45 | 9.378 | 3.017 | 6.623 | 0.002 | 0.071 | 0.024 | 0.408 | 0.000 | 0.776 | 0.083 | 0.327 |
| Color-word interference errors | 82 | 6.671 | 5.840 | 50 | 10.740 | 2.926 | 45 | 7.756 | 4.096 | 11.570 | 0.000 | 0.117 | 0.000 | 0.819 | 0.000 | 0.850 | 0.271 | 0.218 |
| Color-word interference contrast | 80 | 9.950 | 3.190 | 50 | 9.340 | 2.047 | 45 | 9.933 | 3.414 | 0.737 | 0.480 | 0.008 | ||||||
| Color-word interference with switch time | 77 | 10.545 | 3.247 | 49 | 12.286 | 2.865 | 44 | 9.886 | 2.871 | 8.023 | 0.000 | 0.088 | 0.003 | 0.569 | 0.000 | 0.837 | 0.265 | 0.215 |
| Color-word interference with switch errors | 77 | 6.766 | 4.510 | 49 | 10.429 | 2.958 | 44 | 7.818 | 4.150 | 12.531 | 0.000 | 0.130 | 0.000 | 0.846 | 0.001 | 0.734 | 0.207 | 0.243 |
| Color-word interference with switch contrast | 77 | 10.039 | 3.266 | 49 | 9.755 | 1.797 | 44 | 10.136 | 3.167 | 0.228 | 0.796 | 0.003 | ||||||
| PROBLEM-SOLVING | ||||||||||||||||||
| Free sorts | 83 | 5.711 | 2.487 | 50 | 7.860 | 2.259 | 50 | 5.060 | 2.535 | 18.594 | 0.000 | 0.171 | 0.000 | 0.856 | 0.000 | 1.168 | 0.149 | 0.259 |
| Free sorts desciption | 83 | 6.494 | 2.661 | 50 | 8.660 | 2.264 | 50 | 5.700 | 2.750 | 17.992 | 0.000 | 0.167 | 0.000 | 0.801 | 0.000 | 1.181 | 0.102 | 0.293 |
| Recognition sorting | 83 | 7.024 | 2.992 | 50 | 9.660 | 2.738 | 50 | 7.880 | 11.826 | 2.460 | 0.088 | 0.027 | ||||||
| PLANNING | ||||||||||||||||||
| Time per move | 83 | 13.253 | 3.787 | 50 | 11.840 | 1.777 | 50 | 12.220 | 2.013 | 4.206 | 0.016 | 0.045 | 0.015 | −0.487 | 0.319 | −0.201 | 0.077 | 0.356 |
| Total achievement | 83 | 13.952 | 4.796 | 50 | 12.940 | 3.830 | 50 | 12.540 | 4.879 | 1.685 | 0.188 | 0.018 | ||||||
| Rule violations | 83 | 21.928 | 35.308 | 50 | 61.540 | 41.108 | 50 | 38.600 | 39.327 | 16.935 | 0.000 | 0.158 | 0.000 | 1.061 | 0.005 | 0.570 | 0.013 | 0.447 |
| SUSTAINED ATTENTION | ||||||||||||||||||
| Average response time (ms) | 83 | 423.072 | 95.281 | 50 | 446.588 | 64.718 | 50 | 445.744 | 80.951 | 1.714 | 0.183 | 0.019 | ||||||
| Omissions (counts) | 83 | 34.386 | 23.071 | 50 | 23.360 | 21.211 | 50 | 40.560 | 29.397 | 6.383 | 0.002 | 0.066 | 0.007 | −0.420 | 0.001 | −0.680 | 0.181 | 0.235 |
| Commissions (counts) | 83 | 110.578 | 82.703 | 50 | 48.040 | 51.650 | 50 | 74.400 | 74.359 | 11.956 | 0.000 | 0.117 | 0.000 | −0.796 | 0.042 | −0.418 | 0.012 | 0.461 |
| Accuracy (%) | 83 | 0.749 | 0.170 | 50 | 0.834 | 0.147 | 50 | 0.715 | 0.200 | 6.412 | 0.002 | 0.067 | 0.004 | 0.458 | 0.001 | 0.688 | 0.294 | 0.186 |
| RESPONSE SUPPRESSION | ||||||||||||||||||
| Accuracy | 83 | 3.831 | 3.312 | 50 | 9.280 | 3.687 | 50 | 4.140 | 3.574 | 42.555 | 0.000 | 0.321 | 0.000 | 1.582 | 0.000 | 1.416 | 0.614 | 0.090 |
| IQ | ||||||||||||||||||
| Verbal IQ | 83 | 89.458 | 13.378 | 50 | 102.200 | 14.077 | 50 | 86.420 | 14.750 | 18.728 | 0.000 | 0.172 | 0.000 | 0.906 | 0.000 | 1.095 | 0.225 | 0.216 |
| Performance IQ | 83 | 91.602 | 14.056 | 50 | 99.860 | 11.477 | 50 | 85.200 | 12.171 | 16.282 | 0.000 | 0.153 | 0.001 | 0.630 | 0.000 | 1.240 | 0.008 | 0.488 |
| Full scale IQ | 83 | 89.843 | 13.304 | 50 | 101.080 | 11.398 | 50 | 84.340 | 13.301 | 22.474 | 0.000 | 0.200 | 0.000 | 0.845 | 0.000 | 1.356 | 0.022 | 0.414 |
| READING AND MATHEMATICS | ||||||||||||||||||
| Mathematical reasoning | 83 | 87.783 | 14.381 | 50 | 101.380 | 10.725 | 50 | 85.320 | 14.937 | 21.083 | 0.000 | 0.190 | 0.000 | 0.928 | 0.000 | 1.252 | 0.347 | 0.168 |
| Number operations | 83 | 83.928 | 13.839 | 50 | 95.620 | 8.571 | 50 | 83.780 | 14.561 | 15.203 | 0.000 | 0.145 | 0.000 | 0.823 | 0.000 | 1.024 | 0.953 | 0.010 |
| Basic reading | 83 | 87.024 | 16.402 | 50 | 97.120 | 11.412 | 50 | 82.100 | 14.573 | 13.769 | 0.000 | 0.133 | 0.000 | 0.652 | 0.000 | 1.156 | 0.083 | 0.318 |
| Spelling | 83 | 86.747 | 14.411 | 50 | 100.120 | 12.411 | 50 | 85.140 | 15.254 | 17.960 | 0.000 | 0.166 | 0.000 | 0.902 | 0.000 | 1.083 | 0.543 | 0.108 |
| Reading comprehension | 83 | 82.530 | 12.534 | 50 | 97.100 | 10.359 | 50 | 80.080 | 13.608 | 29.457 | 0.000 | 0.247 | 0.000 | 1.115 | 0.000 | 1.420 | 0.292 | 0.187 |