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. 2014 Dec 9;8:424. doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00424

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Copyright © 2014 McCall, Steinbeis, Ricard and Singer.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Plots of the pooled means and their standard errors from the dictator games with second and third-party punishment (2PP and 3PP). Punishment is measured as amount spent in MUs to punish the dictator. The mixed model of punishment behavior revealed that punishment increased with decreasing size of the dictator's offer (ps < 0.001). LTPs punished significantly less than controls in the 2PP (p = 0.01) and equivalently in the 3PP. LTP punishment patterns were more strongly associated with the dictator offer in the 3PP (p = 0.001).