Table 1.

Sociodemographic and behavioral characteristics of mothers by trauma status (N = 42)

Characteristic	No trauma (n = 25)	Unresolved trauma (n = 17)	p
Maternal age, mean ± SD	27.3 ± 4.3	29.5 ± 4.9	.13
Maternal race, n (%)			.11
White	13 (52.0)	13 (76.5)
Non-White	12 (48.0)	4 (23.5)
Marital status, n (%)			.86
Married	17 (68.0)	12 (70.6)
Not married	8 (32.0)	5 (29.4)
Maternal education, n (%)			.94
College incomplete	6 (24.0)	4 (23.5)
College/university degree	10 (40.0)	6 (35.3)
Postgraduate degree	9 (36.0)	7 (41.2)
Socioeconomic status, mean ± SDa	49.9 ± 10.4	51.9 ± 9.8	.58
Maternal IQb	109 ± 9.1	109.1 ± 7.2	.86
Maternal depression (BDI), mean ± SDc	4.9 ± 4.4	3.5 ± 2.3	.40
Maternal personality pathology (PDQ)
Total score, mean ± SDd	23.4 ± 12.0	19.4 ± 9.8	.27
Maternal parenting stress (PSI)
Child Domain Total Score, mean ± SD	93.7 ± 15.0	91.4 ± 13.6	.65
Parent Domain Total Score, mean ± SD	116.0 ± 24.2	112.4 ± 19.9	.65
Total Stress Score, mean ± SDe	209.6 ± 31.8	196.0 ± 38.4	.25
Maternal temperament (ATQ)
Effortful Control, subscale score, mean ± SD	4.5 ± 0.6	4.6 ± 0.9	.80
Negative Affect, subscale score, mean ± SD	4.1 ± 0.7	3.8 ± 0.8	.28
Extraversion/Surgency, subscale score, mean ± SD	4.8 ± 0.8	4.9 ± 0.7	.72
Orienting Sensitivity, subscale score, mean ± SD	5.1 ± 0.7	4.9 ± 0.7	.35

Note. The p values represent those from the t and χ² tests for continuous and dichotomous variables, respectively. BDI = Beck Depression Inventory-II; PDQ = Personality Disorder Questionnaire-4+; PSI = Parenting Stress Index; ATQ = Adult Temperament Questionnaire – Short Form.

^aSocioeconomic status was estimated using Hollingshead (1975)’s Four-Factor Index of Social Status, and represents joint information with partner, when applicable.

^bMaternal Full Scale IQ was estimated from the Wechsler Test of Adult Reading (WTAR).

^cBDI-II score of ≤ 9 indicate minimal depression.

^dPDQ-4+ total score of ≥ 50 is highly suggestive of DSM-IV personality disorder.

^ePSI Total Stress Score of < 260 is considered normal range.