Table 2.
History of Crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever in Persia/ Iran.
| Date | Description | Comment | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1203 CE | Detailed description of hemorrhagic fever and its putative causative agent (vulture louse) | Description identical to Galen’s, thus may not be specific to CCHF | (Jurjānī, 1203 CE) |
| 1887–1888 | Description of a fatal hemorrhagic disease among the nomadic Yomut Turkomen in northern Iran | Likely CCHF, but key details, such as fever and season, are missing | (Brown, 1893) |
| 19th century | Reports of a sometimes fatal disease though to be caused by Argas persicus in the Mianeh region in NW Iran | Unlikely to be CCHF, though some clinical features suggestive | (Nuttal, 1908) |
| 1940’s–1960’s | Seasonal and sometimes fatal hemorrhagic fever known locally as Gara Mikh typhoid fever in East Azerbaijan, Iran. | Clinical and epidemiologic features consistent with CCHF. | (Aminolashrafi and Nooranian, 1966) |
| 1966–69 | Report of 41 cases of hemorrhagic fever from East Azerbaijan, Iran. | Possible CCHF outbreak | (Aminolashrafi, 1970) |
| 1970–71 | Sheep serum sent tested positive for CCHFV antibodies. | First documentation of CCHFV in livestock | (Chumakov, 1972) |
| 1971–3 | Report of 60 cases of hemorrhagic fever from East Azerbaijan, Iran. | First suspected cases of CCHF in humans. | (Asefi, 1973) |
| 1970–1971 | Sera of humans in northern Iran tested positive for anti-CCHFV antibodies | First documentation of CCHFV infection | (Saidi, 1974) |
| 1974–1975 | Hemorrhagic fever epidemic in northern Iran | Suspected CCHF, but not proven | (Ardoin and Karimi, 1982) |
| 1999 | Nosocomial transmission of CCHF | First confirmed cases of CCHF in Iran | (Mardani, 2001) |