Table 1.

Epidemiological evidence for the anti-cancer effects of ITCs

Cancer form	Subjects	Year Conducted	Sample Size	Geographical Location	ITC quantitation method	Mechanism Proposed	Outcome	Reference
Bladder Cancer	Bladder cancer patients	1980–1998	239 Cases	Roswell Park Cancer Institute, USA	Dietary ITC intake based on patient questionnaire	_	Improved survival	[5]
	Mixed population with mean ages 63.3 and 62.5 for cases and controls respectively	1999	697 cases & 708 controls	Texas, USA	Dietary cruciferous vegetables intake based on patient questionnaire	GSTM1 and GSTT1 null	Reduced cancer risk	[23]
	Cases with ages 25–86 years and controls with ages 21–92 years	1982–1998	275 cases & 825 controls	USA	Dietary cruciferous vegetables intake based on patient questionnaire	-	Reduced cancer risk	[24]
Breast Cancer	Chinese women Age 20–70 years	1996–2005	3035 cases & 3037 controls	Shanghai, China	Dietary ITC intake based on patient questionnaire	GSTP1 polymorphism	Reduced cancer risk	[14]
	Breast cancer survivors	-	536 intervention & 620 comparison	USA	Dietary cruciferous vegetables intake based on patient questionnaire	-	Reduced cancer recurrence	[25]
	US and Chinese breast cancer survivors	1990–2006	11390 subjects	USA and China	Dietary cruciferous vegetables intake based on patient questionnaire	-	No association with cancer mortality or recurrence	[27]
Colorectal Cancer	Compiled from published literature	-	24case control studies and 11 prospective studies	-	Dietary intake of cruciferous vegetables	-	Reduced cancer risk	[12]
Gastric Cancer	Middle aged men ; mean age ±65	1986–1989	307 Cases and 911 Control	Shanghai, China	Urinary ITC	GSTM1 and GSTT1 deletion enhanced protective effect	Reduced cancer incidence	[8]
Kidney Cancer	Age 20–79 years	1999–2003	1097 cases & 1555 controls	Europe (multicenter)	Dietary ITC intake based on patient questionnaire	GSTM1 and GSTT1 polymorphism	Reduced cancer risk	[15]
	Non-Asians	1986–1994	1204 cases and 1204 controls	California, USA	Dietary cruciferous vegetables intake based on patient questionnaire	-	Reduced cancer risk	[26]
Lung Cancer	African Americans & Caucasians; Age 40–84 years	1991–1994	311 Cases & 922 Control	Los Angeles, California	Dietary ITC intake based on patient questionnaire	GSTM1 deletion enhanced protective effect	Reduced cancer incidence	[9]
	>18 year adults	1990–2005	274 Cases & 1089 Control	Maryland, USA	Dietary ITC intake based on patient questionnaire	_	Reduced cancer incidence	[11]
	Chinese women Age 40–70 years	1997–2009	74 914 women	Shanghai, China	Dietary intake of cruciferous vegetables	-	Reduced cancer risk	[13]
	Men and women with average ages 62.3 and 60.9 years respectively	-	503 cases & 465 controls	Texas, USA	Dietary ITC intake based on patient questionnaire	GSTM1 and GSTT1 polymorphism	Reduced cancer risk	[16]
	Chinese women	1996–1998	233 cases & 187 controls	Singapore	Dietary ITC intake based on patient questionnaire	GSTM1 and GSTT1 polymorphism	Reduced cancer risk	[17]
	Chinese women	1996–1998	303 cases & 765 controls	Singapore	Dietary ITC intake based on patient questionnaire	-	Reduced cancer risk	[18]
	Hospital patients	1992–2000	716 cases and 939 controls	Massachusetts, USA	Dietary cruciferous vegetables intake based on patient questionnaire	GSTM1 presence	Reduced cancer risk	[21]
Prostate cancer	Men Age 40–75 years	1986–2000	47365 subjects	USA	Dietary cruciferous vegetables intake based on patient questionnaire	-	Non-significant correlation with cancer risk	[20]
Stomach and colorectal cancer	Japanese population	-	149 cases & 287 controls for stomach cancer and 115 cases and 230 controls for colorectal cancer	Japan	Dietary cruciferous vegetables intake based on patient questionnaire	-	Reduced cancer risk	[19]
Thyroid cancer	Melanesian women	1993–1999	293 Cases & 354 Control	New Caledonia	Dietary ITC intake based on patient questionnaire	Low dietary intake of iodine	Increased risk of thyroid cancer	[10]
Urinary carcinoma	Scottish Terriers	-	92 cases & 83 controls	-	Dietary cruciferous vegetables intake based on owner questionnaire	-	Non-significant correlation with cancer risk	[22]