Table 3A.
Epidemiologic evidence for the effects of GST polymorphism on ITC uptake/metabolism and cancer risk
| Cancer | Design | Populatio n |
Location | Method of analysis |
ITC intake/ levels |
GST studied |
Status | Outcomes | Statistics | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adenoma | Case control (459 cases; 507 control) | Mixed | USA | Dietary intake | High | GSTM1 | Null | Reduced risk | P=0.001 for trend and 0.1 for interaction | [42] |
| Breast | Case control (740 cases; 810 control) | Caucasian women | USA | Dietary intake | High | GSTM1/T1 | Null/positive | Reduced risk | OR=0.6 (0.4–1.01) Premenopausal women OR=1.0 (0.7–1.4) Postmenopausal women |
[44] |
| Case control (1052 cases and 1098 control) | Women (<65 years age) | USA | Dietary intake | - | GSTT1 | Null | Increased risk | OR=1.86 (1.12–3.08) | [46] | |
| - | GSTM1 | Null | Increased risk | |||||||
| - | GSTP | Ile/Ile | Increased risk | |||||||
| High/Low | GSTT1/M1/P | Null/Positive | No correlation | - | ||||||
| Colon | Case control (213 cases; 1194 control) | Chinese men and women | Singapore | Dietary intake | High | GSTM1/T1 | Null | Reduced risk | OR=0.43 (0.2–0.96) | [43] |
| Colorectal | Case control (173 cases and 313 controls) | Mixed | USA | Urinary ITC | Detectable | GSTT1 | Null/Positive | No correlation | - | [48] |
| Detectable | GSTM1 | Null/Positive | No correlation | - | ||||||
| Detectable | GSTP1 | AG or GG | Marginally reduced risk | P=0.09 | ||||||
| Case control (322 cases and 1251 controls) | Women 40–70 years | China | Urinary ITC | High | GSTT1 | Null | Reduced risk | P=0.04 | [50] | |
| High | GSTM1 | Null | Reduced risk | P=0.07 | ||||||
| High | GSTT1/M1 | Null | Reduced risk | OR=0.51 (0.27–0.95) | ||||||
| Kidney | Case control (1097 cases and 1555 control) | Mixed | Europe | Dietary intake | Low | GSTT1 | Null | Increased risk | OR=1.86 (1.07–3.23) | [15] |
| Low | GSTM1/T1 | Null | Increased risk | OR=2.49 (1.08–5.77) | ||||||
| Lung | Case control (503 cases; 465 control) | Mixed subjects from Houston | USA | Dietary intake | Low | GSTM1 | Null/Current smoker | Increased risk in | OR=2.22 (1.2–4.1) | [16] |
| Low | GSTT1 | Null/Current smoker | Increased risk | OR=3.19 (1.54–6.62) | ||||||
| Low | GSTM1 and T1 | Null/Current smoker | Increased risk | OR=5.45 (1.72–17.22) | ||||||
| Low | GSTM1 | Null/Former smoker | No correlation | OR=1.14 (0.66–1.96) | ||||||
| Low | GSTT1 | Null/Former smoker | Increased risk | OR=1.79 (0.95–3.37) | ||||||
| Case control (233 cases; 187 control) | Chinese women | - | Dietary intake | High | GSTM1/T1 | Null | Reduced risk | OR=0.54 (0.3–0.95) | [17] | |
| High | GSTM1 | Positive | No effect | 1.07 (0.5–2.29) | ||||||
| Case control (232 cases; 710 control) | Chinese men | China | Dietary intake and urinary ITC analysis | Detectable | GSTM1 | Null | Reduced risk | Relative risk=0.36 (0.2–.63) | [41] | |
| Detectable | GSTM1/T1 | Null | Reduced risk | Relative risk=0.28 (0.13–0.57) | ||||||
| Case control (716 cases; 939 control) | Caucasian women and men | USA | Dietary intake | High | GSTM1 | Positive | Reduced risk | OR=0.61 (0.39–0.95) | [21] | |
| High | GSTM1 | Null | No correlation | OR=1.15 (0.78–1.68) | ||||||
| High | GSTM1 | Null/positive | No correlation | - | ||||||
| High | GSTM1/T1 | Null/positive | No correlation | - | ||||||
| Literature review | 30 studies | - | Dietary intake | High | GSTT1/M1 | Null | Reduced risk | OR=0.41 (0.26–0.65) | [47] | |
| - | Cohort | Chinese (45–74 years age) 111 men, 135 women |
Singapore | Dietary intake and urinary ITC analysis | - | GSTM1 | Null | No correlation | P = 0.61 | [40] |
| - | GSTM1 | Positive | No correlation | |||||||
| - | GSTT1 | Null | Low excretion | P=0.006 | ||||||
| - | GSTT1 | Positive | High excretion | |||||||
| - | GSTP1 | a/a | No correlation | P = 0.77 | ||||||
| - | GSTP1 | a/b | No correlation | |||||||
| - | GSTP1 | b/b | No correlation | |||||||
| Cohort (114 subjects) 18–50 years | Mixed | USA | Urinary ITC and metabolites | Single intake | GSTM1 | Null | High excretion in 62% subjects | ITC (mol/24h)=9.9± 1.4 | [45] | |
| GSTM1 | Positive | High excretion in 39% subjects | ITC (mol/24h)=14.0 ±1.3 (P=0.48) | |||||||
| GSTT1 | Null | Marginally significant | ITC (mol/24h)=9.9± 2.7 | |||||||
| GSTM1 | Positive | Marginally significant | ITC (mol/24h)=11.6 ±0.9 (P=0.05) | |||||||
| GSTP1 | A/A | Non significant | ITC (mol/24h)=9.9± 1.5 | |||||||
| GSTP1 | G/A | Non significant | ITC (mol/24h)=14.8 ±1.4 | |||||||
| Cross-over intervention study | 20 healthy subjects | - | Plasma ITC | - | GSTM1 | Null/Positive | No correlation | - | [49] | |
| - | GSTT1 | Null/Positive | No correlation | - | ||||||
| 48 subjects, 28 GSTT1 and M1 positive and 20 null genotypes | Healthy volunteers | - | Urinary ITC | Watercress juice | GSTT1/M1 | Null/Positive | No correlation | - | [51] |