Table 3.
Cortical Surface Area and Subcortical Volumes (n=997)
| Trait | Heritability (h2, p-value) |
Age (β̂, p-value) |
Sex (β̂, p-value) |
Intracranial Volume (β̂, p-value) |
Schizophrenia Relatedness (β̂, p-value) |
ERV |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Frontal Lobe | ||||||
| Superior | 0.679, 2×10−22 | −0.011, 4×10−6 | −0.384, 1×10−7 | 0.020, 1×10−35 | −1.491, 9×10−3 | 0.554 |
| Middle (rostral) | 0.595, 2×10−18 | −0.011, 8×10−6 | −0.509, 5×10−12 | 0.019, 1×10−32 | −1.217, 3×10−2 | 0.452 |
| Middle (caudal) | 0.597, 1×10−19 | −0.008, 5×10−3 | −0.247, 3×10−3 | 0.016, 4×10−19 | −0.550, 4×10−1 | 0.204 |
| Inferior (pars opercularis) | 0.601, 8×10−20 | −0.014, 6×10−7 | −0.232, 5×10−3 | 0.016, 3×10−18 | −0.651, 3×10−1 | 0.242 |
| Inferior (pars triangularis) | 0.617, 7×10−21 | −0.012, 3×10−5 | −0.343, 4×10−5 | 0.012, 3×10−11 | −0.973, 1×10−1 | 0.361 |
| Inferior (pars orbitalis) | 0.406, 1×10−9 | −0.013, 4×10−6 | −0.476, 8×10−9 | 0.015, 4×10−17 | −0.895, 1×10−1 | 0.333 |
| Orbitofrontal (lateral) | 0.567, 2×10−16 | −0.017, 3×10−11 | −0.308, 6×10−5 | 0.020, 2×10−31 | −0.862, 1×10−1 | 0.320 |
| Orbitofrontal (medial) | 0.257, 1×10−5 | −0.009, 4×10−3 | −0.362, 5×10−5 | 0.013, 5×10−12 | −0.710, 2×10−1 | 0.400 |
| Frontal pole | 0.497, 2×10−12 | −0.003, 3×10−1 | −0.380, 1×10−6 | 0.020, 2×10−32 | −1.077, 6×10−2 | 0.264 |
| Precentral | 0.680, 3×10−27 | −0.011, 1×10−5 | −0.392, 2×10−7 | 0.019, 8×10−31 | −0.829, 2×10−1 | 0.308 |
| Paracentral lobule | 0.535, 5×10−14 | −0.007, 1×10−2 | −0.134, 1×10−1 | 0.020, 5×10−29 | −0.244, 7×10−1 | 0.090 |
| Medial Temporal | ||||||
| Entorhinal cortex | 0.479, 4×10−15 | 0.004, 2×10−1 | −0.322, 2×10−4 | 0.010, 1×10−8 | −1.732, 6×10−3 | 0.643 |
| Parahippocampal | 0.576, 2×10−18 | −0.016, 4×10−9 | −0.166, 4×10−2 | 0.018, 8×10−24 | −1.655, 6×10−3 | 0.615 |
| Temporal pole | 0.525, 1×10−14 | 0.004, 2×10−1 | −0.313, 4×10−4 | 0.011, 7×10−9 | 0.236, 7×10−1 | 0.088 |
| Fusiform | 0.493, 1×10−12 | −0.015, 3×10−9 | −0.364, 2×10−6 | 0.020, 1×10−32 | −1.617, 5×10−3 | 0.601 |
| Lateral Temporal | ||||||
| Superior | 0.693, 1×10−25 | −0.006, 2×10−2 | −0.326, 1×10−5 | 0.021, 3×10−38 | −1.241, 3×10−2 | 0.461 |
| Middle | 0.586, 5×10−18 | −0.012, 2×10−6 | −0.485, 1×10−10 | 0.018, 2×10−29 | −1.392, 1×10−2 | 0.517 |
| Inferior | 0.446, 4×10−13 | −0.016, 8×10−10 | −0.363, 3×10−6 | 0.019, 3×10−29 | −1.489, 7×10−3 | 0.553 |
| Transverse temporal | 0.549, 3×10−17 | −0.003, 3×10−1 | −0.128, 1×10−1 | 0.016, 1×10−17 | −0.998, 1×10−1 | 0.371 |
| Bank (superior temporal) | 0.453, 3×10−12 | −0.011, 1×10−4 | −0.397, 2×10−6 | 0.015, 4×10−17 | −0.804, 2×10−1 | 0.299 |
| Parietal | ||||||
| Postcentral | 0.645, 5×10−21 | −0.008, 8×10−4 | −0.377, 3×10−7 | 0.023, 9×10−46 | −0.589, 3×10−1 | 0.219 |
| Supramarginal | 0.503, 8×10−15 | −0.009, 6×10−4 | −0.370, 1×10−6 | 0.022, 1×10−39 | −1.364, 1×10−2 | 0.507 |
| Superior | 0.672, 8×10−19 | −0.012, 1×10−6 | −0.409, 1×10−7 | 0.020, 9×10−32 | −0.682, 3×10−1 | 0.253 |
| Inferior | 0.471, 3×10−15 | −0.015, 2×10−9 | −0.370, 7×10−7 | 0.020, 7×10−36 | −1.118, 5×10−2 | 0.415 |
| Precuneus | 0.612, 5×10−19 | −0.012, 5×10−6 | −0.339, 7×10−6 | 0.021, 4×10−37 | −1.564, 7×10−3 | 0.581 |
| Occipital | ||||||
| Lingual | 0.696, 3×10−21 | −0.012, 1×10−5 | −0.407, 3×10−7 | 0.016, 5×10−21 | −0.919, 1×10−1 | 0.341 |
| Pericalcarine | 0.731, 7×10−28 | −0.009, 1×10−3 | −0.428, 1×10−7 | 0.012, 5×10−12 | −1.550, 2×10−2 | 0.576 |
| Cuneus | 0.612, 1×10−18 | −0.010, 7×10−5 | −0.524, 5×10−11 | 0.016, 4×10−21 | −0.177, 8×10−1 | 0.066 |
| Lateral | 0.593, 1×10v17 | −0.010, 3×10−5 | −0.664, 1×10−19 | 0.019, 3×10−32 | −0.660, 2×10−1 | 0.245 |
| Cingulate | ||||||
| Rostral anterior | 0.386, 3×10−8 | −0.005, 1×10−1 | −0.336, 5×10−5 | 0.021, 5×10−31 | −1.062, 4×10−2 | 0.395 |
| Caudal anterior | 0.410, 3×10−9 | −0.008, 4×10−3 | −0.191, 3×10−2 | 0.017, 4×10−20 | −1.390, 2×10−2 | 0.516 |
| Posterior | 0.601, 4×10−17 | −0.012, 8×10−6 | −0.313, 7×10−5 | 0.017, 3×10−24 | −0.916, 1×10−1 | 0.340 |
| Isthmus | 0.562, 3×10−19 | −0.003, 3×10−1 | −0.428, 7×10−8 | 0.018, 2×10−24 | −0.723, 2×10−1 | 0.269 |
| Insular | 0.646, 3×10−19 | 0.005, 7×10−2 | −0.317, 4×10−5 | 0.020, 2×10−33 | −0.869, 2×10−1 | 0.323 |
| Subcortical Nuclei | ||||||
| Accumbens | 0.416, 3×10−10 | −0.037, 2×10−44 | 0.048, 5×10−1 | 0.016, 1×10−22 | −0.425, 4×10−1 | 0.158 |
| Amygdala | 0.676, 2×10−24 | −0.022, 6×10−23 | −0.138, 4×10−2 | 0.025, 2×10−61 | −1.265, 2×10−2 | 0.470 |
| Caudate | 0.678, 2×10−25 | −0.018, 2×10−12 | −0.222, 3×10−3 | 0.019, 1×10−29 | −0.747, 2×10−1 | 0.277 |
| Hippocampus | 0.654, 1×10−22 | −0.021, 2×10−21 | −0.153, 2×10−2 | 0.026, 2×10−68 | −0.736, 2×10−1 | 0.273 |
| Pallidum | 0.470, 4×10−12 | −0.027, 1×10−25 | −0.355, 2×10−6 | 0.016, 2×10−22 | −0.207, 7×10−1 | 0.077 |
| Putamen | 0.706, 5×10−23 | −0.035, 2×10−51 | −0.311, 3×10−6 | 0.014, 6×10−22 | −0.359, 5×10−1 | 0.133 |
| Thalamus | 0.631, 2×10−22 | −0.035, 8×10−55 | −0.288, 4×10−6 | 0.019, 3×10−42 | −0.666, 2×10−1 | 0.247 |
| Ventral diencephalon | 0.569, 5×10−18 | −0.027, 2×10−34 | −0.324, 6×10−7 | 0.022, 3×10−52 | −0.286, 6×10−1 | 0.106 |
ERV estimates assume an illness prevalence of 1%; Bolded estimates significant after correction for multiple testing (FDR=0.05).