Table 2.
Parenting quality in infancy and toddlerhood predicting the development of children’s executive functioning (n = 620).
| Model I: Parenting at 7-months
|
Model II: Parenting at 7- and 24-months
|
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| b | SE | p | b | SE | p | |
| Site1 | 7.25 | 1.76 | <.01 | 8.50 | 1.74 | <.01 |
| Child characteristics | ||||||
| Gender2 | −2.70 | 1.44 | .06 | −3.14 | 1.42 | .03 |
| Race3 | −2.30 | 2.17 | .29 | −.74 | 2.15 | .73 |
| General cog. ability (15m) | .219 | .08 | <.01 | .12 | .08 | .12 |
| Father and Family Characteristics | ||||||
| Paternal years education (7m) | .96 | .38 | .01 | .41 | .38 | .29 |
| Parent marital status4 (7m) | .94 | 1.95 | .63 | −.07 | 1.94 | .97 |
| Income-to-needs (7m) | .53 | .41 | .20 | -- | -- | -- |
| Income-to-needs (7–24m) | -- | -- | -- | .29 | .45 | .52 |
| Infant Parenting Quality | ||||||
| Maternal sensitive (7m) | 3.68 | 1.15 | <.01 | 2.06 | 1.23 | .09 |
| Paternal sensitive (7m) | .18 | 1.23 | .88 | −1.23 | 1.26 | .33 |
| Toddler Parenting Quality | ||||||
| Maternal sensitive (24m) | -- | -- | -- | 3.28 | 1.25 | .01 |
| Paternal sensitive (24m) | -- | -- | -- | 5.44 | 1.60 | <.01 |
Note:
*
p < .05,
**
p < .01;
a
Frequency of variable = 1;
1
0=NC, 1=PA;
2
0=Girls, 1=Boys;
3
0=White, 1=Black;
4
0=not married, 1=married