Table 1.
Various members of the 2-oxoglutarate dioxygenase family in mammalian cells, their known substrates, and biological functions.
| Enzyme family/function | Enzyme(s) | Known substrate(s) | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| HIF-hydroxylases | PHDs 1–3 | HIF-α | (4) |
| FIH | HIF-α, ARD proteins | (12) | |
| Cytosine demethylases | TET1–3 | 5mC | (9, 13) |
| JMJC histone demethylases | Numerous – JHDMs, KDMs | Methylated histones | (14, 15) |
| DNA and RNA demethylases | Numerous – AlkB family, FTO | DNA, RNAs, histones | (16, 17) |
| Ribosomal hydroxylases | MINA53, NO66, OGFOD1 | 60S ribosomal proteins | (11, 18) |
| Collagen hydroxylase | C-P4H | Collagen proline residues | (2) |
| Noradrenalin synthesis | D-βH | Dopamine | (19) |
| Carnitine synthesis | GBBH | Trimethyl-lysine | (6, 7) |
| Pro-hormone maturation | PHM | Peptidyl-lysine | (5) |
HIF, hypoxia-inducible factor; PHD, prolyl-hydroxylase domain-containing protein; FIH, factor inhibiting HIF; ARD, ankyrin repeat domain-containing proteins; TET, ten-eleven translocation enzyme; 5mC, 5-methyl-cytosine; JHDM, jumonji histone demethylases; KDM, lysine demethylases; MINA53, Myc-induced nuclear antigen; OGFOD1, 2-oxoglutarate and iron-dependent oxygenase domain-containing 1; FTO, fat-mass and obesity associated protein; C-P4H, collagen prolyl-4-hydroxylase; D-βH, dopamine beta-hydroxylase; GBBH, γ-butyrobetaine dioxygenase; PHM, peptidylglycine α-hydroxylating monooxygenase.