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. 2014 Oct 29;10(10):1159–1170. doi: 10.7150/ijbs.9672

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© Ivyspring International Publisher. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/). Reproduction is permitted for personal, noncommercial use, provided that the article is in whole, unmodified, and properly cited.

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A) Chemical structure of betanin, the most studied betalain. B) Schematic biosynthetic pathway of betalains. Abbreviations are: TYR, tyrosinase; 4,5DOD, DOPA-4,5-dioxygenase; DOPA-OX, DOPA oxidase; S, spontaneous reaction.