Treatment algorithm for diffuse proliferative lupus nephritis. *: Prior serious toxicities due to CYC, severe cytopenia, patient reluctance, etc. #: Alternative treatments including MMF and cyclosporine, A: immunoadsorption, intravenous immunoglobulin, AZA: azathioprine, MP: methylprednisolone, CYC: cyclophosphamide, MMF: mycophenolate mofetil [75].